Testi volgari della seconda metà del sec. XIV attorno ai Visconti

Oggetto della tesi è la poesia volgare prodotta nell'orbita della corte viscontea nel corso del Trecento e del primo Quattrocento. La presente ricerca si propone di illustrare il contesto culturale lombardo e correggere alcuni giudizi di colore avanzati dagli studi positivistici di fine Ottocento e inizio Novecento, attraverso un'indagine rigorosa sui testi scritti attorno ai Visconti, dei quali si propone un'edizione filologicamente sorvegliata, accompagnata da uno studio sulla tradizione manoscritta, da cappelli introduttivi, apparati critici e note di commento. Una prima sezione ospita il corpus di rime dell'aretino Braccio Bracci: tre canzoni {Silenzio posto aveva al dire in rima-, O aspettato dalla giusta verga e lo scambio epistolare fittizio Soldan di Bambilonia et ceterà-Illustri e serenissimo, alto e vero) e quindici sonetti (O tesorier, che 7 bel tesor d'Omero-, Antonio mio, tua fama era inmortale; Deh, non guastare il popol cristiano; O santo Pietro, per Dio, non restare; El tempio tuo, che tu edificasti-, Veggio l'antica, dritta e ferma Scala-, Messer Luigi, vostra nobil fama-, Volse Traian, quando la vedovella-, Firenze, or ti rallegra, or ti conforta-, O infamato da ' lucenti raggi-, Sette sorelle sono a mme venute-, Sempre son stato con gran signoria; Se Ile cose terrene al possesore; Sia con voi pace, signor' fiorentini). La seconda sezione accoglie dodici sonetti attribuiti al fiorentino Marchionne di Matteo Arrighi {Deh, quant 'egli è in villa un bello stare; Omé, e ' mi par che Ila mia rota torca; Acciò che veggi chiaro il mio sonetto; Tu non potrai più bere alle stagioni; O Iscatizza di vii condizione; Se mille volte il dì tu m'uccidessi; Io n'ò 'n dispetto il Sole e Ila Luna; Tanto mi piace l'angelico sono; Lasso, tapino a mme, quando riguardo; Era venuta nella mente mia; Io ti ricordo, caro amico fino; Solo soletto ma non di pensieri). Nella terza sezione si propongono due canzoni viscontee del magister Giovanni da Modena, La mia gravosa e disformata vita e Ne l'ora che la caligin nocturna . La quarta e ultima sezione è dedicata ad alcune poesie anonime viscontee: sei sonetti (Egli è gran tempo, dolce Signor mio; Quela dolce saeta che nel core; Stan le cita lombarde co le chiave; Cesere in arme fu feroce e franco; l'pensava stancar la destra mano; Poniam silenzio a tutti i gran Signori), due ballate (Chi troppo al fuoco si lassa apressare e Io udii già cantare), due Lamenti di Bernabò Visconti in ottava rima (Novo lamento con doglioxo pianto e l'prego Idio eh 'è Signore e Padre, quest'ultimo pronunciato da un tal Matteo da Milano) e una canzone in morte del duca Gian Galeazzo {Fortuna c 'ogni ben mundan remuti).

Qualitative, quantitative and temporal study of cutting agents for cocaine and heroin over 9 years

Forensic laboratories mainly focus on the qualification and the quantitation of the illicit drug under analysis as both aspects are used for judiciary purposes. Therefore, information related to cutting agents (adulterants and diluents) detected in illicit drugs is limited in the forensic literature. This article discusses the type and frequency of adulterants and diluents detected in more than 6000 cocaine specimens and 3000 heroin specimens, confiscated in western Switzerland from 2006 to 2014. The results show a homogeneous and quite unchanging adulteration for heroin, while for cocaine it could be characterised as heterogeneous and relatively dynamic. Furthermore, the results indicate that dilution affects more cocaine than heroin. Therefore, the results provided by this study tend to reveal differences between the respective structures of production or distribution of cocaine and heroin. This research seeks to promote the systematic analysis of cutting agents by forensic laboratories. Collecting and processing data related to the presence of cutting agents in illicit drug specimens produces relevant information to understand and to compare the structure of illicit drug markets.

Le futurisme antérieur. Réflexions sur l'historiographie du futurisme

L'anthologie du futurisme que livre Giovanni Lista en 2015 soulève de nombreuses questions. Combien de futurismes existe-t-il ? Quelle place l'historien occupe-t-il dans l'histoire qu'il écrit ? Quels liens, enfin, cette histoire entretient-elle avec les événements qui lui succèdent et l'actualité ? Il s'agit dans ces lignes de dépasser le dossier «G. Lista 2015» afin de proposer une réflexion sur l'historiographie du futurisme, qui représente à maints égards «la quadrature du cercle dans l'histoire des avant-gardes du XXe siècle» (G. Lista, Qu'est-ce que le futurisme ?, p. 866).

The cutting of cocaine and heroin: a critical review

The illicit drug cutting represents a complex problem that requires the sharing of knowledge from addiction studies, toxicology, criminology and criminalistics. Therefore, cutting is not well known by the forensic community. Thus, this review aims at deciphering the different aspects of cutting, by gathering information mainly from criminology and criminalistics. It tackles essentially specificities of cocaine and heroin cutting. The article presents the detected cutting agents (adulterants and diluents), their evolution in time and space and the analytical methodology implemented by forensic laboratories. Furthermore, it discusses when, in the history of the illicit drug, cutting may take place. Moreover, researches studying how much cutting occurs in the country of destination are analysed. Lastly, the reasons for cutting are addressed. According to the literature, adulterants are added during production of the illicit drug or at a relatively high level of its distribution chain (e.g. before the product arrives in the country of destination or just after its importation in the latter). Their addition seems hardly justified by the only desire to increase profits or to harm consumers' health. Instead, adulteration would be performed to enhance or to mimic the illicit drug effects or to facilitate administration of the drug. Nowadays, caffeine, diltiazem, hydroxyzine, levamisole, lidocaïne and phenacetin are frequently detected in cocaine specimens, while paracetamol and caffeine are almost exclusively identified in heroin specimens. This may reveal differences in the respective structures of production and/or distribution of cocaine and heroin. As the relevant information about cutting is spread across different scientific fields, a close collaboration should be set up to collect essential and unified data to improve knowledge and provide information for monitoring, control and harm reduction purposes. More research, on several areas of investigation, should be carried out to gather relevant information.

Chemical profiling: a tool to decipher the structure and organisation of illicit drugs markets: an 8-year study in Western Switzerland

Illicit drug analyses usually focus on the identification and quantitation of questioned material to support the judicial process. In parallel, more and more laboratories develop physical and chemical profiling methods in a forensic intelligence perspective. The analysis of large databases resulting from this approach enables not only to draw tactical and operational intelligence, but may also contribute to the strategic overview of drugs markets. In Western Switzerland, the chemical analysis of illicit drug seizures is centralised in a laboratory hosted by the University of Lausanne. For over 8 years, this laboratory has analysed 5875 cocaine and 2728 heroin specimens, coming from respectively 1138 and 614 seizures operated by police and border guards or customs. Chemical (major and minor alkaloids, purity, cutting agents, chemical class), physical (packaging and appearance) as well as circumstantial (criminal case number, mass of drug seized, date and place of seizure) information are collated in a dedicated database for each specimen. The study capitalises on this extended database and defines several indicators to characterise the structure of drugs markets, to follow-up on their evolution and to compare cocaine and heroin markets. Relational, spatial, temporal and quantitative analyses of data reveal the emergence and importance of distribution networks. They enable to evaluate the cross-jurisdictional character of drug trafficking and the observation time of drug batches, as well as the quantity of drugs entering the market every year. Results highlight the stable nature of drugs markets over the years despite the very dynamic flows of distribution and consumption. This research work illustrates how the systematic analysis of forensic data may elicit knowledge on criminal activities at a strategic level. In combination with information from other sources, such knowledge can help to devise intelligence-based preventive and repressive measures and to discuss the impact of countermeasures.