Brittle cornea syndrome: recognition, molecular diagnosis and management.

Brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by extreme corneal thinning and fragility. Corneal rupture can therefore occur either spontaneously or following minimal trauma in affected patients. Two genes, ZNF469 and PRDM5, have now been identified, in which causative pathogenic mutations collectively account for the condition in nearly all patients with BCS ascertained to date. Therefore, effective molecular diagnosis is now available for affected patients, and those at risk of being heterozygous carriers for BCS. We have previously identified mutations in ZNF469 in 14 families (in addition to 6 reported by others in the literature), and in PRDM5 in 8 families (with 1 further family now published by others). Clinical features include extreme corneal thinning with rupture, high myopia, blue sclerae, deafness of mixed aetiology with hypercompliant tympanic membranes, and variable skeletal manifestations. Corneal rupture may be the presenting feature of BCS, and it is possible that this may be incorrectly attributed to non-accidental injury. Mainstays of management include the prevention of ocular rupture by provision of protective polycarbonate spectacles, careful monitoring of visual and auditory function, and assessment for skeletal complications such as developmental dysplasia of the hip. Effective management depends upon appropriate identification of affected individuals, which may be challenging given the phenotypic overlap of BCS with other connective tissue disorders.

Recognition of RNA virus by RIG-I results in activation of CARD9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1 beta production.

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) is a potent proinflammatory factor during viral infection. Its production is tightly controlled by transcription of Il1b dependent on the transcription factor NF-kappaB and subsequent processing of pro-IL-1 beta by an inflammasome. However, the sensors and mechanisms that facilitate RNA virus-induced production of IL-1 beta are not well defined. Here we report a dual role for the RNA helicase RIG-I in RNA virus-induced proinflammatory responses. Whereas RIG-I-mediated activation of NF-kappaB required the signaling adaptor MAVS and a complex of the adaptors CARD9 and Bcl-10, RIG-I also bound to the adaptor ASC to trigger caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activation by a mechanism independent of MAVS, CARD9 and the Nod-like receptor protein NLRP3. Our results identify the CARD9-Bcl-10 module as an essential component of the RIG-I-dependent proinflammatory response and establish RIG-I as a sensor able to activate the inflammasome in response to certain RNA viruses.

Theoretical study on receptor-G protein recognition: new insights into the mechanisms of the alpha1b-adrenergic recptor activation

This work compares the structural/dynamics features of the wild-type alb-adrenergic receptor (AR) with those of the D142A active mutant and the agonist-bound state. The two active receptor forms were compared in their isolated states as well as in their ability to form homodimers and to recognize the G alpha q beta 1 gamma 2 heterotrimer. The analysis of the isolated structures revealed that, although the mutation- and agonist-induced active states of the alpha 1b-AR are different, they, however, share several structural peculiarities including (a) the release of some constraining interactions found in the wild-type receptor and (b) the opening of a cytosolic crevice formed by the second and third intracellular loops and the cytosolic extensions of helices 5 and 6. Accordingly, also their tendency to form homodimers shows commonalties and differences. In fact, in both the active receptor forms, helix 6 plays a crucial role in mediating homodimerization. However, the homodimeric models result from different interhelical assemblies. On the same line of evidence, in both of the active receptor forms, the cytosolic opened crevice recognizes similar domains on the G protein. However, the docking solutions are differently populated and the receptor-G protein preorientation models suggest that the final complexes should be characterized by different interaction patterns.

De l'avantage du scanner par rapport à l'autopsie pour la détection des fractures de la face

La radiologie post-­‐mortem a suivi les développements de la radiologie conventionnelle depuis ses débuts. De nos jours, ce sont les dernières techniques de radiologie qui prennent de plus en plus de place en médecine légale, avec les nouveaux outils que sont le scanner et l'imagerie par résonance magnétique. Le centre universitaire romand de médecine légal (CURML) à Lausanne réalise ainsi de façon systématique un examen tomodensitométrique (TDM) complet de chaque corps avant l'autopsie depuis 2008. Cette étude cherche à éprouver l'utilité de la nouvelle méthode de l'imagerie tomodensitométrique dans la détection des fractures de la face par rapport à l'autopsie, méthode traditionnelle. Pour ce faire, les constatations des rapports d'autopsie ont été comparées à celles des rapports de radiologie tomodensitométrique si ces derniers existaient. Ces rapports d'autopsie ont d'abord été sélectionnés s'ils présentaient une forte suspicion de traumatisme facial. Les causes de décès non traumatiques pour la face ont d'abord été exclues (noyade, strangulation volontaire, intoxication, etc.). Les causes les plus traumatiques (accidents de la voie publique, arme à feu, hétéro-­‐agression, etc.) ont été retenues dans un premier temps. Par la suite, les dossiers n'ont pas été retenus si l'autopsie faisait état de lésions traumatiques ne concernant pas la face ou de lésions bénignes de la face. Les constatations des rapports d'autopsie ont finalement été comparées avec ces rapports de radiologie tomodensitométriques s'ils existaient, soit 69 dossiers. Dans un deuxième temps, une seconde lecture des images radiologiques a été effectuée par un radiologue formé. Sur les 146 fractures répertoriées parmi les 69 dossiers restant, 62 (42,4%) ont été décrites à l'autopsie et à la radiologie. 42 (28,8%) ont été décrites dans le rapport d'autopsie uniquement et 42 (28,8%) par la radiologie uniquement. Parmi toutes les fractures de la face détectées uniquement à l'autopsie, toutes sauf une seule ont été retrouvées sur les images d'archive par un radiologue formé. La contribution dans le processus diagnostique de chacune de ces fractures, notée sur une échelle de 1 à 6 par deux médecins-­‐légistes expérimentés, est légère (notes de 1 à 2 dans 98% des cas) concernant la cause du décès. En revanche, concernant les circonstances du décès, on observe une différence entre les deux examinateurs avec des notes de 5 à 6 dans 77% des cas chez l'un, et 19% chez l'autre examinateur. Les deux examinateurs ne sont pas d'accord au sujet de l'importance des fractures dans les cas de traumatismes à haute énergie, l'un jugeant qu'elles sont alors évidentes et l'autre qu'elles permettent d'en savoir plus sur la force exacte de l'impact considéré. Cependant, bien que les fractures de la face ne contribuent que modestement au processus judiciaire suivant un décès, notre étude permet de démontrer la performance de la méthode de l'imagerie tomodensitométrique dans la détection desdites fractures par rapport à l'autopsie avec un taux de détection supérieur.

A Survey of Active Learning Algorithms for Supervised Remote Sensing Image Classification

Defining an efficient training set is one of the most delicate phases for the success of remote sensing image classification routines. The complexity of the problem, the limited temporal and financial resources, as well as the high intraclass variance can make an algorithm fail if it is trained with a suboptimal dataset. Active learning aims at building efficient training sets by iteratively improving the model performance through sampling. A user-defined heuristic ranks the unlabeled pixels according to a function of the uncertainty of their class membership and then the user is asked to provide labels for the most uncertain pixels. This paper reviews and tests the main families of active learning algorithms: committee, large margin, and posterior probability-based. For each of them, the most recent advances in the remote sensing community are discussed and some heuristics are detailed and tested. Several challenging remote sensing scenarios are considered, including very high spatial resolution and hyperspectral image classification. Finally, guidelines for choosing the good architecture are provided for new and/or unexperienced user.

Bihippocampal damage with emotional dysfunction: impaired auditory recognition of fear.

A right-handed man developed a sudden transient, amnestic syndrome associated with bilateral hemorrhage of the hippocampi, probably due to Urbach-Wiethe disease. In the 3rd month, despite significant hippocampal structural damage on imaging, only a milder degree of retrograde and anterograde amnesia persisted on detailed neuropsychological examination. On systematic testing of recognition of facial and vocal expression of emotion, we found an impairment of the vocal perception of fear, but not that of other emotions, such as joy, sadness and anger. Such selective impairment of fear perception was not present in the recognition of facial expression of emotion. Thus emotional perception varies according to the different aspects of emotions and the different modality of presentation (faces versus voices). This is consistent with the idea that there may be multiple emotion systems. The study of emotional perception in this unique case of bilateral involvement of hippocampus suggests that this structure may play a critical role in the recognition of fear in vocal expression, possibly dissociated from that of other emotions and from that of fear in facial expression. In regard of recent data suggesting that the amygdala is playing a role in the recognition of fear in the auditory as well as in the visual modality this could suggest that the hippocampus may be part of the auditory pathway of fear recognition.

Judaïsme et islam dans le face à face avec le protestantisme

L'islam et le judaïsme ont de nombreux points de rencontre avec le protestantisme. Si ces deux religions ne provoquent pas la sympathie des premier Réformés, l'histoire contemporaine indique des rapprochements incontestables, sur fond d'un partage de quelques traits communs entre ces trois courants du monothéisme: la pratique, la relation aux images ou au clergé, l'expression politique et communautaire des ailes radicales. L'un des intérêt de ce livre est de proposer une lecture originale et plurielle de deux dossiers importants pour le dialogue interreligieux. Chacun des deux thèmes associe les contributions d'un théologien protestant et respectivement deux intellectuels juif (David Banon) et musulman (Mohammed Arkoun).

Evaluating the influence of spatial uncertainty in locality points for species distributional modeling

1. Species distribution modelling is used increasingly in both applied and theoretical research to predict how species are distributed and to understand attributes of species' environmental requirements. In species distribution modelling, various statistical methods are used that combine species occurrence data with environmental spatial data layers to predict the suitability of any site for that species. While the number of data sharing initiatives involving species' occurrences in the scientific community has increased dramatically over the past few years, various data quality and methodological concerns related to using these data for species distribution modelling have not been addressed adequately. 2. We evaluated how uncertainty in georeferences and associated locational error in occurrences influence species distribution modelling using two treatments: (1) a control treatment where models were calibrated with original, accurate data and (2) an error treatment where data were first degraded spatially to simulate locational error. To incorporate error into the coordinates, we moved each coordinate with a random number drawn from the normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 5 km. We evaluated the influence of error on the performance of 10 commonly used distributional modelling techniques applied to 40 species in four distinct geographical regions. 3. Locational error in occurrences reduced model performance in three of these regions; relatively accurate predictions of species distributions were possible for most species, even with degraded occurrences. Two species distribution modelling techniques, boosted regression trees and maximum entropy, were the best performing models in the face of locational errors. The results obtained with boosted regression trees were only slightly degraded by errors in location, and the results obtained with the maximum entropy approach were not affected by such errors. 4. Synthesis and applications. To use the vast array of occurrence data that exists currently for research and management relating to the geographical ranges of species, modellers need to know the influence of locational error on model quality and whether some modelling techniques are particularly robust to error. We show that certain modelling techniques are particularly robust to a moderate level of locational error and that useful predictions of species distributions can be made even when occurrence data include some error.

Le soignant face au patient lombalgique chronique: l'expérience clinique de l'Unité Rachis à l'Hôpital orthopédique [The health professional's approach to chronic lumbago: clinical experience at the Spinal Cord Unit at the orthopedic hospital]

The treatment of back pain patients refers to the biopsychosocial model of care. This model includes illness in patient's personal and relational life. In this context, it is not only the physical symptom of the patient which is focused but also his psychological distress often hidden by algic complain. Clinical interviews conducted with back pain patients have highlighted psychosocial aspects able to influence the relationship between health care user and provider. Taking account of psychosocial aspects implies an interdisciplinary approach that identify and assesses patients' needs through adequate tools. As a result, the different health care providers implied with back pain patients have to collaborate in a structured network.

Pyochelin enantiomers and their outer-membrane siderophore transporters in fluorescent pseudomonads: structural bases for unique enantiospecific recognition.

Pyochelin (Pch) and enantiopyochelin (EPch) are enantiomeric siderophores, with three chiral centers, produced under iron limitation conditions by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fluorescens , respectively. After iron chelation in the extracellular medium, Pch-Fe and EPch-Fe are recognized and transported by their specific outer-membrane transporters: FptA in P. aeruginosa and FetA in P. fluorescens . Structural analysis of FetA-EPch-Fe and FptA-Pch-Fe, combined with mutagenesis and docking studies revealed the structural basis of the stereospecific recognition of these enantiomers by their respective transporters. Whereas FetA and FptA have a low sequence identity but high structural homology, the Pch and EPch binding pockets do not share any structural homology, but display similar physicochemical properties. The stereospecific recognition of both enantiomers by their corresponding transporters is imposed by the configuration of the siderophore's C4'' and C2'' chiral centers. This recognition involves specific hydrogen bonds between the Arg91 guanidinium group and EPch-Fe for FetA and between the Leu117-Leu116 main chain and Pch-Fe for FptA. FetA and FptA are the first membrane receptors to be structurally described with opposite binding enantioselectivities for their ligands, giving insights into the structural basis of their enantiospecificity.