Validation of two echocardiographic indexes to improve the diagnosis of complex coarctations

Rapport de synthèse: Enjeux et contexte de recherche : la coarctation de l'aorte, rétrécissement de l'aorte thoracique descendante, est une des malformations cardiaques congénitales les plus fréquentes. Son diagnostic reste cependant difficile surtout lorsqu'elle est associée à la présence d'un canal artériel ou à une malformation cardiaque plus complexe. Dans ces contextes, les signes échographiques classiques qui posent habituellement le diagnostic (visualisation d'un rétrécissement juxtaductal et accélération au Doppler au niveau de l'isthme aortique) peuvent faire défaut ou être difficile à imager. La validation d'index basé sur des mesures anatomiques faciles à acquérir par échographie cardiaque, indépendantes de l'âge, de la situation hémodynamique et des malformations cardiaques associées représente une aide significative dans le diagnostic de la coarctation de l'aorte. Nous avons donc voulu valider par une étude rétrospective la fiabilité de deux index dans cette indication : l'index des artères carotido-sous-clavière (index CSA; rapport du diamètre de l'arc aortique transverse distal sur la distance entre les artères carotide et sous-clavière gauches) et l'index de l'aorte isthmique-descendante (index I/D; rapport des diamètres de l'aorte isthmique sur celui de l'aorte descendante). Notre article : nous avons rétrospectivement calculé la valeur des deux index (CSA et I/D) chez un groupe de 68 enfants avec coarctation et un groupe 24 cas contrôles apparenté pour l'âge et le sexe. Les enfants avec coarctation ont un index CSA et I/D significativement plus bas que le groupe contrôle (Index CSA : 0.84 ± 0.39 vs. 2.65 ± 0.82, p<0.0001 - Index I/D : 0.58 ± 0.18 vs. 0.98 ± 0.19, p<0.0001). Pour les deux index, ni la présence d'une autre malformation cardiaque, ni l'âge n'ont un impact sur la différence significative entre les deux groupes. Conclusions: notre recherche à permis de valider qu'un index CSA de moins de 1,5 est fortement suggestif d'une coarctation, indépendamment de l'âge du patient et de la présence d'une autre malformation cardiaque. L'index I/D (valeur limite 0,64) est moins spécifique que l'index CSA. L'association des deux index augmente la sensibilité et permet rétrospectivement le diagnostic de tous les cas de coarctation seulement sur la base d'une échographie cardiaque standard faite au lit du patient. Perspectives : cette étude rétrospective mérite d'être vérifiée par une étude prospective afin de confirmer la contribution de ces index à la prise en charge des patients suspects d'une coarctation de l'aorte. Cependant, la situation dans laquelle ces index pourraient avoir le plus grand impact reste encore à explorer. En effet, si le diagnostic postnatal de la coarctation est parfois difficile, son diagnostic prénatal l'est nettement plus. La présence obligatoire du canal artériel et l'existence d'une hypoplasie isthmique physiologique chez le foetus obligent le cardiologue foetale à observer des signes indirects, peu sensibles, d'une possible coarctation (prépondérance des cavités droites). La validation de l'index CSA et/ou de l'index I/D chez le foetus constituerait donc une avancée majeure dans le diagnostic prénatal de la coarctation de l'aorte.

Change in individual growth rate and its link to gill-net fishing in two sympatric whitefish species

Size-selective fishing is expected to affect traits such as individual growth rate, but the relationship between the fishery-linked selection differentials and the corresponding phenotypic changes is not well understood. We analysed a 25-year monitoring survey of sympatric populations of the two Alpine whitefish Coregonus albellus and C. fatioi. We determined the fishing-induced selection differentials on growth rates, the actual change of growth rates over time, and potential indicators of reproductive strategies that may change over time. We found marked declines in adult growth rate and significant selection differentials that may partly explain the observed declines. However, when comparing the two sympatric species, the selection differentials on adult growth were stronger in C. albellus while the decline in adult growth rate seemed more pronounced in C. fatioi. Moreover, the selection differential on juvenile growth was significant in C. albellus but not in C. fatioi, while a significant reduction in juvenile growth over the last 25 years was only found in C. fatioi. Our results suggest that size-selective fishing affects the genetics for individual growth in these whitefish, and that the link between selection differentials and phenotypic changes is influenced by species-specific factors.

Genetic differentiation in two European tree frog (Hyla arborea) metapopulations in contrasted landscapes of Western Switzerland

The survival of threatened species as the European tree frog (Hyla arborea) is strongly dependent on the genetic variability within populations, as well as gene flow between them. In Switzerland, only two sectors in its western part still harbour metapopulations. The first is characterised by a very heterogeneous and urbanized landscape, while the second is characterised by a uninterrupted array of suitable habitats. In this study, six microsatellite loci were used to establish levels of genetic differentiation among the populations from the two different locations. The results show that the metapopulations have: (i) weak levels of genetic differentiation (FST within metapopulation ≈ 0.04), (ii) no difference in levels of genetic structuring between them, (iii) significant (p = 0.019) differences in terms of genetic diversity (Hs) and observed heterozygozity (Ho), the metapopulation located in a disturbed landscape showing lower values. Our results suggest that even if the dispersal of H. arborea among contiguous ponds seems to be efficient in areas of heterogeneous landscape, a loss of genetic diversity can occur.

Non-covalent and covalent protein labeling in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Over the past decades, several sensitive post-electrophoretic stains have been developed for an identification of proteins in general, or for a specific detection of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, glycosylation or oxidation. Yet, for a visualization and quantification of protein differences, the differential two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, termed DIGE, has become the method of choice for a detection of differences in two sets of proteomes. The goal of this review is to evaluate the use of the most common non-covalent and covalent staining techniques in 2D electrophoresis gels, in order to obtain maximal information per electrophoresis gel and for an identification of potential biomarkers. We will also discuss the use of detergents during covalent labeling, the identification of oxidative modifications and review influence of detergents on finger prints analysis and MS/MS identification in relation to 2D electrophoresis.

Evolutionary and convergence stability for continuous phenotypes in finite populations derived from two-allele models.

The evolution of a quantitative phenotype is often envisioned as a trait substitution sequence where mutant alleles repeatedly replace resident ones. In infinite populations, the invasion fitness of a mutant in this two-allele representation of the evolutionary process is used to characterize features about long-term phenotypic evolution, such as singular points, convergence stability (established from first-order effects of selection), branching points, and evolutionary stability (established from second-order effects of selection). Here, we try to characterize long-term phenotypic evolution in finite populations from this two-allele representation of the evolutionary process. We construct a stochastic model describing evolutionary dynamics at non-rare mutant allele frequency. We then derive stability conditions based on stationary average mutant frequencies in the presence of vanishing mutation rates. We find that the second-order stability condition obtained from second-order effects of selection is identical to convergence stability. Thus, in two-allele systems in finite populations, convergence stability is enough to characterize long-term evolution under the trait substitution sequence assumption. We perform individual-based simulations to confirm our analytic results.

A two-compartment mathematical model of neuroglial metabolism using [1-(11)C] acetate.

The purpose of this study was to develop a two-compartment metabolic model of brain metabolism to assess oxidative metabolism from [1-(11)C] acetate radiotracer experiments, using an approach previously applied in (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and compared with an one-tissue compartment model previously used in brain [1-(11)C] acetate studies. Compared with (13)C MRS studies, (11)C radiotracer measurements provide a single uptake curve representing the sum of all labeled metabolites, without chemical differentiation, but with higher temporal resolution. The reliability of the adjusted metabolic fluxes was analyzed with Monte-Carlo simulations using synthetic (11)C uptake curves, based on a typical arterial input function and previously published values of the neuroglial fluxes V(tca)(g), V(x), V(nt), and V(tca)(n) measured in dynamic (13)C MRS experiments. Assuming V(x)(g)=10 × V(tca)(g) and V(x)(n)=V(tca)(n), it was possible to assess the composite glial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux V(gt)(g) (V(gt)(g)=V(x)(g) × V(tca)(g)/(V(x)(g)+V(tca)(g))) and the neurotransmission flux V(nt) from (11)C tissue-activity curves obtained within 30 minutes in the rat cortex with a beta-probe after a bolus infusion of [1-(11)C] acetate (n=9), resulting in V(gt)(g)=0.136±0.042 and V(nt)=0.170±0.103 μmol/g per minute (mean±s.d. of the group), in good agreement with (13)C MRS measurements.

Two monoclonal rat antibodies with specificity for the beta-chain variable region V beta 6 of the murine T-cell receptor.

Two rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 44-22-1 and 46-6B5, which recognize an alloreactive cytotoxic clone, 3F9, have been further tested on a panel of T hybridomas and cytotoxic T-cell clones for binding and functional activities. The mAbs recognized only those cells sharing the expression of the T-cell receptor beta-chain variable region gene V beta 6 with 3F9. All V beta 6+ cells were activated by these mAbs under cross-linking conditions and their antigen-specific activation was blocked by soluble mAb. Furthermore, depletion of 46-6B5+ normal lymph node T cells eliminated all cells expressing the epitope recognized by 44-22-1 and V beta 6 mRNA.

Mendacastrum n. gen. and Domuzdagia n. gen., two Jurassic spherical Spumellaria (Radiolaria) with hagiastrid medullary shell

Two new spumellarian radiolarian genera, Mendacastrum and Domuzdagia, are described from the lower Tithonian and lower Pliensbachian respectively. Both have a spherical cortical shell of actinommid type and a spherical or subspherical double medullary shell with the inner medullary shell of hagiastrid s.l. type. The inner medullary shell of Mendacastrum is of dactyliosphaerid or higumastrid s. sit. type, whereas that of Domuzdagia is of angulobracchiid type. Since they cannot be assigned to any described Mesozoic pyloniacean families, they are considered as type genera of two new families: Mendacastridae and Domuzdagiidae respectively.

Two Unusual Cases of Sudden Death in Children

We report two unusual cases of sudden unexpected death in children. Histopathologic examination showed intimal fibroplasias, a variant of fibromuscular dysplasia of the right coronary artery associated in both cases with fatty infiltration of the right ventricular myocardium. The significance of this particular combination of two lesions known to induce a sudden death in young people is discussed.

Transitions from reproductive systems governed by two self-incompatible Loci to one in fungi.

Self-incompatibility (SI), a reproductive system broadly present in plants, chordates, fungi, and protists, might be controlled by one or several multiallelic loci. How a transition in the number of SI loci can occur and the consequences of such events for the population's genetics and dynamics have not been studied theoretically. Here, we provide analytical descriptions of two transition mechanisms: linkage of the two SI loci (scenario 1) and the loss of function of one incompatibility gene within a mating type of a population with two SI loci (scenario 2). We show that invasion of populations by the new mating type form depends on whether the fitness of the new type is lowered, and on the allelic diversity of the SI loci and the recombination between the two SI loci in the starting population. Moreover, under scenario 1, it also depends on the frequency of the SI alleles that became linked. We demonstrate that, following invasion, complete transitions in the reproductive system occurs under scenario 2 and is predicted only for small populations under scenario 1. Interestingly, such events are associated with a drastic reduction in mating type number.