Role of c-Myc in homeostasis of memory CD8 T cells

RESUME La mémoire immunologique est essentielle durant la vie et permet aux lymphocytes de répondre plus rapidement et efficacement lors d'une deuxième rencontre avec un antigène connu. Les facteurs contrôlant l'homéostasie des cellules T CD8 mémoires in vivo ne sont pas encore bien définis. Cependant, la prolifération homéostatique de ces cellules dans un hôte déplété en cellules hématopoietiques nécessite l'intéraction du TCR avec les molecules du MHC de class I du soi. De plus, le rôle de cytokines, telles que 1'IL-15 et l'IL-7, est essentiel dans ce mécanisme, aussi bien que dans la maintenance des cellules T CD8 mémoires. Puisque la protéine c-Myc - impliquée dans des mécanismes tells que la division, la prolifération, l'apoptose et la differentiation - a été définie comme étant impliquée dans la réponse à différentes cytokines, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'analyse de l'homéostasie des lymphocytes T CD8 mémoires dans des souris déficientes en c-Myc (c_rnycΔORF/+), qui expriment un niveau réduit de cette protéine. Bien que le développement des cellules T dans le thymus soit normal dans les souris c_rnycΔORF/+, nous avons observé une réduction de 2 à 3 fois dans la population des cellules T CD8 de phenotype mémoire (CD44+) dans les organes lymphoïdes de la périphérie de ces souris. Cette différence ne correspond pas à une réduction de prolifération ou d'expression de protéines de survie telles que Bel-2. Cependant, la prolifération homéostatique de cellules T CD8 c_rnycΔORF/+, mais pas T CD4 c_rnycΔORF/+, est reduite de manière dramatique lorsqu'elles sont transférées dans un hôte irradié. De plus, le transfert adoptif de lymphocytes T dans des souris irradiées déficientes en l'IL-15 nous a permis de montrer que la prolifération homéostatique dépendante de l'IL-15 des cellules T CD8 nécessite l'expression de c-Myc. De plus, contrairement aux cellules T CD8 CD44+ de type sauvage, nous avons observé que l'expansion induite par l'IL-15 des cellules T CD8 CD44+ c_rnycΔORF/+ est altérée aussi bien in vivo (en réponse à une injection de polyI:C) et in vitro. Par conséquent, nos résultats identifient c-Myc comme une nouvelle protéine régulatrice de la signalisation par l'IL-15 impliquée dans l'homéostasie des cellules T CD8 CD44+. SUMMARY Immunological memory is essential throughout life and allows memory lymphocytes to respond faster and more efficiently upon re-encounter of a known antigen. Factors controlling homeostasis of memory CD8 T cells under steady-state conditions in vivo are currently not well defined. However, the homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells in lymphopenic hosts requires the interaction of the TCR with self MHC class I molecules. In addition, cytokines, such as IL-15 and to a lesser extent IL-7, are essential for both homeostatic proliferation and maintenance of memory CD8 T cells. Since c-Myc, a proto-oncogene involved in cell division, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation, has been widely implicated in responsiveness to cytokines, we were interested in analyzing homeostasis of memory CD8 T cells in c-myc hypomorph (c_rnycΔORF/+) mice, which express reduced levels of c-Myc. Although T cell development in the thymus was normal in c_rnycΔORF/+ mice, we found a selective 2- to 3-fold reduction in the memory-phenotype CD44high CD8 T cell population in the periphery. Reduced numbers of CD44high CD8 T cells did not correlate with decreased steady-state turnover rate or low expression of survival factors such as Bcl- 2. However, homeostatic proliferation of c_rnycΔORF/+ CD8 T cells, but not c_rnycΔORF/+ CD4 T cells, was dramatically reduced upon transfer into sublethally irradiated wild-type recipients. In addition, upon transfer of c_rnycΔORF/+ and c-myc WT cells into IL-15-/- mice, we observed that IL-15-induced homeostatic proliferation of CD8 T cells requires c-Myc. Moreover, in contrast to c-myc WT CD44high CD8 T cells, IL-15-induced expansion of c_rnycΔORF/+ CD44high CD8 T cells was strongly impaired both in vivo (in response to polyI:C injection) and in vitro. Collectively, our data identify c-Myc as a novel downstream regulator of IL-15 signaling involved in homeostasis of memory CD8 T cells.

Functional heterogeneity of memory CD4 T cell responses in different conditions of antigen exposure and persistence.

Memory CD4 T cell responses are functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous. In the present study, memory CD4 T cell responses were analyzed in different models of Ag-specific immune responses differing on Ag exposure and/or persistence. Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses for tetanus toxoid, HSV, EBV, CMV, and HIV-1 were compared. Three distinct patterns of T cell response were observed. A dominant single IL-2 CD4 T cell response was associated with the model in which the Ag can be cleared. Polyfunctional (single IL-2 plus IL-2/IFN-gamma plus single IFN-gamma) CD4 T cell responses were associated with Ag persistence and low Ag levels. A dominant single IFN-gamma CD4 T cell response was associated with the model of Ag persistence and high Ag levels. The results obtained supported the hypothesis that the different patterns observed were substantially influenced by different conditions of Ag exposure and persistence.

Investigation of memory, executive functions, and anatomic correlates in asymptomatic FMR1 premutation carriers.

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset movement disorder associated with FMR1 premutation alleles. Asymptomatic premutation (aPM) carriers have preserved cognitive functions, but they present subtle executive deficits. Current efforts are focusing on the identification of specific cognitive markers that can detect aPM carriers at higher risk of developing FXTAS. This study aims at evaluating verbal memory and executive functions as early markers of disease progression while exploring associated brain structure changes using diffusion tensor imaging. We assessed 30 aPM men and 38 intrafamilial controls. The groups perform similarly in the executive domain except for decreased performance in motor planning in aPM carriers. In the memory domain, aPM carriers present a significant decrease in verbal encoding and retrieval. Retrieval is associated with microstructural changes of the white matter (WM) of the left hippocampal fimbria. Encoding is associated with changes in the WM under the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in relational memory encoding. These associations were found in the aPM group only and did not show age-related decline. This may be interpreted as a neurodevelopmental effect of the premutation, and longitudinal studies are required to better understand these mechanisms.

Essential role of the Wnt pathway effector Tcf-1 for the establishment of functional CD8 T cell memory.

Immune protection from intracellular pathogens depends on the generation of terminally differentiated effector and of multipotent memory precursor CD8 T cells, which rapidly regenerate effector and memory cells during recurrent infection. The identification of factors and pathways involved in CD8 T cell differentiation is of obvious importance to improve vaccination strategies. Here, we show that mice lacking T cell factor 1 (Tcf-1), a nuclear effector of the canonical Wingless/Integration 1 (Wnt) signaling pathway, mount normal effector and effector memory CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). However, Tcf-1-deficient CD8 T cells are selectively impaired in their ability to expand upon secondary challenge and to protect from recurrent virus infection. Tcf-1-deficient mice essentially lack CD8 memory precursor T cells, which is evident already at the peak of the primary response, suggesting that Tcf-1 programs CD8 memory cell fate. The function of Tcf-1 to establish CD8 T cell memory is dependent on the catenin-binding domain in Tcf-1 and requires the Tcf-1 coactivators and Wnt signaling intermediates beta-catenin and gamma-catenin. These findings demonstrate that the canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays an essential role for CD8 central memory T cell differentiation under physiological conditions in vivo. They raise the possibility that modulation of Wnt signaling may be exploited to improve the generation of CD8 memory T cells during vaccination or for therapies designed to promote sustained cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses against tumors.

From Translation to Rewriting : the Interplay of Text and Image in The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault and The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories

Abstract :This article examines the interplay of text and image in The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault (1977), translated by Angela Carter and illustrated by Martin Ware, as a form of intersemiotic dialogue that sheds new light on Carter's work. It argues that Ware's highly original artwork based on the translation not only calls into question the association of fairy tales with children's literature (which still characterizes Carter's translation), but also captures an essential if heretofore neglected aspect of Carter's creative process, namely the dynamics between translating, illustrating and rewriting classic tales. Several elements from Ware's illustrations are indeed taken up and elaborated on in The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories (1979), the collection of "stories about fairy stories" that made Carter famous. These include visual details and strategies that she transposed to the realm of writing, giving rise to reflections on the relation between visuality and textuality.RésuméCet article considère l'interaction du texte et de l'image dans les contes de Perrault traduits par Angela Carter et illustrés par Martin Ware (The Fairy Tales of Charles Perrault, 1977) comme une forme de dialogue intersémiotique particulièrement productif. Il démontre que les illustrations originales de Ware ne mettent pas seulement en question l'assimilation des contes à la littérature de jeunesse (qui est encore la perspective adoptée par la traductrice dans ce livre), mais permettent aussi de saisir un aspect essentiel bien que jusque là ignoré du procession de création dans l'oeuvre de Carter, à savoir la dynamique qui lie la traduction, l'illustration et la réécriture des contes classiques. Plusieurs éléments des illustrations de Ware sont ainsi repris et élaborés dans The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories (1979), la collection de "stories about fairy stories" qui rendit Carter célèbre. La transposition de détails et de stratégies visuelles dans l'écriture donnent ainsi l'occasion de réflexions sur les rapports entre la visualité et la textualité.

Impaired antibody memory to varicella zoster virus in HIV-infected children: low antibody levels and avidity*.

OBJECTIVE: HIV-infected children have impaired antibody responses after exposure to certain antigens. Our aim was to determine whether HIV-infected children had lower varicella zoster virus (VZV) antibody levels compared with HIV-infected adults or healthy children and, if so, whether this was attributable to an impaired primary response, accelerated antibody loss, or failure to reactivate the memory VZV response. METHODS: In a prospective, cross-sectional and retrospective longitudinal study, we compared antibody responses, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), elicited by VZV infection in 97 HIV-infected children and 78 HIV-infected adults treated with antiretroviral therapy, followed over 10 years, and 97 age-matched healthy children. We also tested antibody avidity in HIV-infected and healthy children. RESULTS: Median anti-VZV immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were lower in HIV-infected children than in adults (264 vs. 1535 IU/L; P<0.001) and levels became more frequently unprotective over time in the children [odds ratio (OR) 17.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.36-72.25; P<0.001]. High HIV viral load was predictive of VZV antibody waning in HIV-infected children. Anti-VZV antibodies did not decline more rapidly in HIV-infected children than in adults. Antibody levels increased with age in healthy (P=0.004) but not in HIV-infected children. Thus, antibody levels were lower in HIV-infected than in healthy children (median 1151 IU/L; P<0.001). Antibody avidity was lower in HIV-infected than healthy children (P<0.001). A direct correlation between anti-VZV IgG level and avidity was present in HIV-infected children (P=0.001), but not in healthy children. CONCLUSION: Failure to maintain anti-VZV IgG levels in HIV-infected children results from failure to reactivate memory responses. Further studies are required to investigate long-term protection and the potential benefits of immunization.

Simultaneous co-expression of memory- and effector-related genes by individual human CD8 T cells depends on antigen specificity and differentiation

Purpose/Objective: Phenotypic and functional T cell properties are usually analyzed at the level of defined cell populations. However, large differences between individual T cells may have important functional consequences. To answer this issue, we performed highly sensitive single-cell gene expression profiling, which allows the direct ex vivo characterization of individual virus- and tumor-specific T cells from healthy donors and melanoma patients. Materials and methods: HLA-A*0201-positive patients with stage III/ IV metastatic melanoma were included in a phase I clinical trial (LUD- 00-018). Patients received monthly low-dose of the Melan-AMART- 1 26_35 unmodified natural (EAAGIGILTV) or the analog A27L (ELAGIGILTV) peptides, mixed CPG and IFA. Individual effector memory CD28+ (EM28+) and EM28- tetramer-specific CD8pos T cells were sorted by flow cytometer. Following direct cell lysis and reverse transcription, the resulting cDNA was precipitated and globally amplified. Semi-quantitative PCR was used for gene expression and TCR BV repertoire analyses. Results: We have previously shown that vaccination with the natural Melan-A peptide induced T cells with superior effector functions as compared to the analog peptide optimized for enhanced HLA binding. Here we found that natural peptide vaccination induced EM28+ T cells with frequent co-expression of both memory/homing-associated genes (CD27, IL7R, EOMES, CXCR3 and CCR5) and effector-related genes (IFNG, KLRD1, PRF1 and GZMB), comparable to protective EBV- and CMV-specific T cells. In contrast, memory/homing- and effectorassociated genes were less frequently co-expressed after vaccination with the analog peptide. Conclusions: These findings reveal a previously unknown level of gene expression diversity among vaccine- and virus-specific T cells with the simultaneous co-expression of multiple memory/homing- and effector- related genes by the same cell. Such broad functional gene expression signatures within antigen-specific T cells may be critical for mounting efficient responses to pathogens or tumors. In summary, direct ex vivo high-resolution molecular characterization of individual T cells provides key insights into the processes shaping the functional properties of tumor- and virus-specific T cells.