Aménagement du lieu de vente : expertise des professionnels du marketing du sport et connaissance du comportement du consommateur

Cet article traite de la façon dont les professionnels du marketing des articles de sport procèdent pour optimiser l'influence du lieu de vente sur les comportements d'achat. Leurs expertises reposent sur une combinaison de données et d'expériences qui peut être rapprochée des démarches sociologiques. Leurs analyses des situations d'achat nous permettent de comprendre comment ils peuvent agir sur les comportements à travers les points de vente, en tentant de guider la perception des produits par le consommateur. Elles nous aident plus globalement à mieux appréhender les décisions des consommateurs. Abstract This paper focuses on how marketers of sporting goods proceed to optimize the influence of the store on purchasing behaviour. Their expertise is based on a combination of data and experiences that parallels the sociological methods. Their analysis of purchasing situations aloud to understand how they can influence behaviours through retailing places, while trying to guide consumers' perception of the products. More broadly, they contribute to a better understanding of consumer's decisions. Keywords: sports, retail, store, marketing, sociology.

Advances in Sequence Analysis: Theory, Methods, Applications

This book gives a general view of sequence analysis, the statistical study of successions of states or events. It includes innovative contributions on life course studies, transitions into and out of employment, contemporaneous and historical careers, and political trajectories. The approach presented in this book is now central to the life-course perspective and the study of social processes more generally. This volume promotes the dialogue between approaches to sequence analysis that developed separately, within traditions contrasted in space and disciplines. It includes the latest developments in sequential concepts, coding, atypical datasets and time patterns, optimal matching and alternative algorithms, survey optimization, and visualization. Field studies include original sequential material related to parenting in 19th-century Belgium, higher education and work in Finland and Italy, family formation before and after German reunification, French Jews persecuted in occupied France, long-term trends in electoral participation, and regime democratization. Overall the book reassesses the classical uses of sequences and it promotes new ways of collecting, formatting, representing and processing them. The introduction provides basic sequential concepts and tools, as well as a history of the method. Chapters are presented in a way that is both accessible to the beginner and informative to the expert.

Transitions in partnership and parental status, gender, and political and civic participation

Participation research has documented the effect of partner and parenthood status, thereby ignoring the dynamic aspect of status changes. Based on theoretical insights on changes in political resources and interest, this study looks at partnership and parenthood as dynamic characteristics. Using data from the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), it examines to what extent important life-cycle transitions in partnership and parental status influence various forms of political and civic participation and whether they affect men and women's participation differently. Our regression analyses reveal that particularly the entry into separation or divorce is a main key point driving change in political and civic participation. Its effect is also highly gendered. Following separation, women participate less in voting, whereas men's participation rates are not affected in a negative way. Separation even increases men's level of anticipated activism. Children entering or leaving the household do not seem to represent key points of change in political and civic participation of the couple. Yet, the transition to having school-aged children significantly increases some types of participation, at least for women.

Repression and Protest Structural Models and Strategic Interactions

The recent wave of upheavals and revolts in Northern Africa and the Middle East goes back to an old question often raised by theories of collective action: does repression act as a negative or positive incentive for further mobilization? Through a review of the vast literature devoted to this question, this article aims to go beyond theoretical and methodological dead-ends. The article moves on to non-Western settings in order to better understand, via a macro-sociological and dynamic approach, the causal effects between mobilizations and repression. It pleads for a meso- and micro-level approach to this issue: an approach that puts analytical emphasis both on protest organizations and on individual activists' careers.

Prescription des psychotropes au cabinet médical [Psychotropic drug prescription in general practice].

General practitioners treat patients with psychiatric disorders, for whom they have to evaluate the indication of a psychotropic medication. In addition to the patient's symptoms, the clinician has to take into account transferential and countertransferential elements linked to the prescription. Sociological factors also influence both the patient and the clinician, partly due to the western society's value of performance. Consistent with the bio-psycho-social model of disease, we recommend that the evaluation of the indication of a psychotropic medication includes the patient's symptoms, but also the psychological and sociological factors.

Le grand nymphée de Leptis Magna : étude historiographique, urbanistique et architecturale

RESUME en français Centrée sur le grand nymphée de Leptis Magna la recherche met en évidence l'évolution et la signification de ce monument des eaux dans l'une des plus importantes cités africaines de l'époque romaine en mettant en lumière trois thèmes principaux. L'étude historiographique permet tout d'abord d'appréhender, à l'aide des témoignages littéraires des siècles derniers et d'une abondante documentation d'archive, l'histoire de l'édifice de son ensablement à sa remise au jour, puis de suivre les différentes étapes de son dégagement et de sa restauration, mettant ainsi en relief la perception des divers observateurs à l'encontre du monument. L'étude urbanistique permet ensuite de dégager la signification de l'édifice dans la cité par rapport aux autres monuments du secteur aux différentes périodes de son histoire, ainsi que de reconstituer l'approvisionnement en eau de Leptis Magna. Enfin, l'étude architecturale s'intéresse à l'analyse détaillée des structures, permettant la mise en évidence de la conception initiale, du fonctionnement et des transformations du nymphée. Cette dernière approche, qui s'accompagne d'un catalogue circonstancié des éléments du décor, fait intervenir des considérations sur les techniques de constructions, le traitement des blocs d'ornementation et, d'une manière plus générale, sur ('économie du chantier. Cette recherche permet non seulement de reconstituer l'aspect, le rôle et l'histoire du monument et de le replacer dans la série des nymphées romains, mais aussi de percevoir son impact sur les habitants du lieu aux différents moments de son histoire, cherchant ainsi à rejoindre par l'archéologie des considérations sociologiques. THE GREAT SEVERAN NYMPHAEUM OF LEPTIS MAGNA: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL, URBANISTIC AND ARCHITECTURAL STUDY RESUME en anglais Based on the great nymphaeum of Leptis Magna, the research considers the development and significance of this water monument in one of the most important African cities of the Roman period, through three principal aspects. The historiographical study aboards the subject through literary testimony from the last centuries and an abundance of documentary archives, the history of the edifice from its burial to its reconstruction, studying the different stages of its unearthing and its restoration, thus pinpointing perspectives from various observers of the monument. The urban study divulges the significance of the edifice in the city, in comparison with other monuments in the region over different periods of its history, as well as reconstituting Leptis Magna's water supply. Finally, the architectural study undertakes a detailed analysis of the structures, which highlights the conception and the transformations of the nymphaeum, as well as its hydraulic functions. This architectural approach, which is accompanied by a detailed catalogue of the decorative elements, juxtaposes the technical considerations of construction with the ornamental treatment of the marble blocks, accounting for the economical aspects of the site of the nymphaeum. This research proposes not only a consideration of the appearance, the role and the history of the monument and situates it within the series of Roman nymphaea, but also the perception of its impact on the local inhabitants at different moments in its history, looking for accomplish by archaeology some sociological considerations.

L'autonomie obligatoire : analyse sociologique des dispositifs scolaires de l'autonomie

La thèse traite des injonctions à l'autonomie dans le champ scolaire et des pratiques destinées à favoriser son développement chez les élèves. Elle se base sur une enquête ethnographique réalisée dans une école primaire genevoise, réunissant des observations menées durant deux ans et demi dans des classes allant de la 2° enfantine à la 3e primaire (2P-5P, selon HARMOS) et des entretiens d'enseignants, complétée par des observations dans les familles et des entretiens d'enfants et de leurs parents. Elle met en évidence le paradoxe auquel sont quotidiennement confrontés les enseignants qui doivent amener les élèves à découvrir et s'approprier les savoirs et les règles scolaires de manière autonome, tout en encadrant leurs pratiques afin que ceux-ci se conforment aux attentes de l'institution scolaire. La notion de dispositif, en tant qu'échelle intermédiaire d'analyse (Bonnéry, 2009), rend possible l'articulation des niveaux macro- et micro-sociologique dans l'analyse des pratiques. L'analyse des dispositifs scolaires de l'autonomie considère la traduction de la norme d'autonomie et des injonctions institutionnelles dans les pratiques individuelles. L'autonomie est ici définie comme un principe de socialisation, sur le mode de l'engagement : les dispositifs scolaires de l'autonomie visent à amener les élèves à choisir, vouloir, aimer ce que l'institution scolaire leur demande. Cette analyse permet de dégager plusieurs types de dispositifs et surtout de mettre en lumière leurs contradictions internes lorsque ne sont pas perçues ou partagées par les acteurs les attentes implicites ou explicites contenues dans les dispositifs. L'analyse des dispositifs porte également, dans une perspective plus interactionniste, sur les stratégies individuelles de gestion des contradictions et la retraduction des normes par les acteurs. Les dispositifs sont alors examinés sous l'angle des processus d'étiquetage réalisé par les enseignants et des formes de déviances qu'ils font apparaître chez les élèves et les parents. - The thesis deals with injunctions to autonomy in the field of education and practices used to facilitate its development in students. It is based on an ethnographic survey in Geneva elementary school, bringing together observations made during two and a half years in classes ranging from 2P to 5P (according HARMOS), interviews with teachers, observations in families and interviews with children and their parents. It highlights the paradox that teachers are daily confronted to, as they should encourage students to discover and acquire the knowledge and school rules independently, while framing their practices so that they conform to the expectations of the educational institution. The concept of dispositif as an intermediary level of analysis (Bonnéry, 2009) makes possible the articulation of the macro- and micro-sociological analysis in practices. The analysis of pedagogic dispositives considers the translation of the norm of autonomy and institutional injunctions in individual practices. In this perspective, autonomy is defined as principle of socialization, on the mode of engagement : pedagogic autonomy dispositives designed to encourage students to choose, want, love what institution demands. This analysis identifies several types of dispositives and highlights their internal contradictions when actors do not share expectations. In a more interactionnist perspective, the analysis also includes individual strategies to deal with contradictions and the retranslation of norms by actors. The dispositives are then examined in term of the labelling process conducted by teachers and forms of deviance among students and parents.

Identifications multiples à des groupes de statut différent et changement social

Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier l'impact d'une appartenance groupale jouissant d'un supérieur dans la hiérarchie sociale sur la volonté de participer à des actions collectives en faveur d'une appartenance groupale désavantagée. Selon la Théorie de l'Identité Sociale, les individus sont en effet membres de plusieurs groupes simultanément, qui constituent autant d'identités sociales potentielles. Comme l'ont montré les recherches en sociologie du genre s'inscrivant dans le courant intersectionnel, les diverses catégories sociales auxquelles une personne appartient peuvent se trouver dans des positions différentes dans la hiérarchie sociale, plaçant ainsi les individus à l'intersection de divers rapports de domination. Toutefois, ces rapports ne sont pas indépendants les uns des autres, mais interagissent et contribuent conjointement à construire une façon spécifique de vivre et de percevoir l'expérience de la domination. Globalement, notre thèse montre que lorsque deux endogroupes dotés de statuts différents sont simultanément saillants, les individus tendent à agir prioritairement en accord avec les intérêts de l'endogroupe dont le statut est le plus élevé, au détriment de l'endogroupe dont le statut est le plus bas : les individus tendent en effet à adhérer à des idéologies qui contribuent à légitimer le maintien des inégalités intergroupes, ce qui a pour conséquence de réduire leur volonté de participer à des actions collectives en faveur de leur endogroupe de statut inférieur. - This thesis focuses on the impact of a high status ingroup on willingness to participate in collective action in favour of a low status ingroup. According to Social Identity Theory, individuals are members of various groups, each of which is a potential social identity. Moreover, the feminist sociological theory of intersectionality suggests that these various ingroups can occupy different positions in social hierarchies, placing individuals at the intersection of various relations of domination. However, these relations do not act independently of one another, but interrelate, and shape a specific way to live and perceive the experiences of domination. On the whole, our thesis shows that when two ingroups with different statuses are salient, people tend to acts uppermost in compliance with the higher status group interest, to the detriment of the lower status group : Indeed, people tend to agree with ideologies that contribute to legitimate the perpetuation of intergroup inequalities. Consequently their willingness to participate in collective action in favor of their low-status group is reduced.

Between Equity and Differentiation: An Analytical Schema of the Social Function of Education

The educational sphere has an internal function relatively agreed by social scientists. Nonetheless, the contribution that educational systems provide to the society (i.e., their social function) does not have the same degree of consensus. Taking into consideration such theoretical precedent, the current article raises an analytical schema to grasp the social function of education considering a sociological perspective. Starting from the assumption that there is an intrinsic relationship between the internal and social functions of social systems, we suggest there are particular stratification determinants modifying the internal pedagogical function of education, which impact on its social function by creating simultaneous conditions of equity and differentiation. Throughout the paper this social function is considered a paradoxical mechanism. We highlight how this paradoxical dynamic is deployed in different structural levels of the educational sphere. Additionally, we discuss eventual consequences of this paradoxical social function for the inclusion possibilities that educational systems offer to individuals.

Perspectives for Forensic Intelligence in anti-doping: Thinking outside of the box.

Today's approach to anti-doping is mostly centered on the judicial process, despite pursuing a further goal in the detection, reduction, solving and/or prevention of doping. Similarly to decision-making in the area of law enforcement feeding on Forensic Intelligence, anti-doping might significantly benefit from a more extensive gathering of knowledge. Forensic Intelligence might bring a broader logical dimension to the interpretation of data on doping activities for a more future-oriented and comprehensive approach instead of the traditional case-based and reactive process. Information coming from a variety of sources related to doping, whether directly or potentially, would feed an organized memory to provide real time intelligence on the size, seriousness and evolution of the phenomenon. Due to the complexity of doping, integrating analytical chemical results and longitudinal monitoring of biomarkers with physiological, epidemiological, sociological or circumstantial information might provide a logical framework enabling fit for purpose decision-making. Therefore, Anti-Doping Intelligence might prove efficient at providing a more proactive response to any potential or emerging doping phenomenon or to address existing problems with innovative actions or/and policies. This approach might prove useful to detect, neutralize, disrupt and/or prevent organized doping or the trafficking of doping agents, as well as helping to refine the targeting of athletes or teams. In addition, such an intelligence-led methodology would serve to address doping offenses in the absence of adverse analytical chemical evidence.

Contexts and typologies in the analysis of welfare state legitimacy : a social psychological approach to political opinion formation

This dissertation analyses public opinion towards the welfare state across 29 European countries. Based on an interdisciplinary approach combining social psychological, sociological, and public opinion approaches to political opinion formation, it investigates how social position and shared beliefs shape perceived legitimacy of welfare institutions, and how social contexts impact on the processes of opinion formation. Drawing on social representations theory, as well as socialization and self-interest approaches, the dissertation analyses the role of social position in lay support for institutional solidarity. Normative beliefs-defined as preferred views regarding the organisation of social relations-mediate the effect of social position on welfare support. In addition, drawing on public opinion literature, the dissertation analyses opinion formation as a function of country-level structural (e.g., level of social spending, unemployment) and ideological factors (e.g., level of meritocracy). The dissertation comprises two theoretical and four empirical chapters. Three of the empirical chapters use data from the European Social Survey 2008. Using multilevel and typological approaches, the dissertation contributes to welfare attitude literature by showing that normative beliefs, such as distrust or egalitarianism, function as underlying mechanisms that link social position to policy attitudes (Chapter 3), and that characteristics of the national contexts influence the processes of political opinion formation (Chapters 3 and 4). Chapter 5 proposes and predicts a typology of the relationship between attitudes towards solidarity and attitudes towards control, reflecting the two central domains of government intervention. Finally, Chapter 6 examines welfare support in the realm of action and social protest, using data from a survey on Spanish Indigados activists. The findings of this dissertation inform contemporary debates about welfare state legitimacy and retrenchment. - Cette thèse avait pour but d'analyser l'opinion publique envers l'Etat social dans 29 pays européens. Basée sur une approche interdisciplinaire qui combine des perspectives psycho-sociales, sociologiques et d'opinion publique sur la formation d'opinion politique, la thèse étudie comment la position sociale et les croyances partagées façonnent la légitimité perçue des institutions de l'Etat social, et comment les contextes sociaux influencent les processus de formation d'opinion. Basée sur la théorie des représentations sociales, ainsi qu'une approche de socialisation et d'intérêt propre, cette thèse analyse le rôle des positions sociales dans le soutien envers la solidarité institutionnelle. Les croyances normatives-définies comme les visions préférées de l'organisation des rapports sociaux-médiatisent l'effet de la position sociale sur le soutien pour l'Etat social. De plus, s'inspirant de la littérature sur l'opinion publique, la thèse analyse la formation d'opinion en fonction des facteurs structurels (ex. le taux de dépenses sociales, le chômage) et idéologiques (ex. le degré de méritocratie). Cette thèse est composée de deux chapitres théoriques et quatre chapitres empiriques. Trois chapitres empiriques utilisent des données provenant de l'enquête European Social Survey 2008. Appliquant des approches multi-niveux et typoloqiques, la thèse contribue à la littérature sur les attitudes envers l'Etat social en montrant que les croyances normatives, telles que la méfiance ou l'égalitarisme, fonctionnent comme des mécanismes sous-jacents qui relient la position sociale aux attitudes politiques (Chapitre 3), et que les caractéristiques des contextes nationaux influencent les processus de formation d'opinion politique (Chapitres 3 et 4). Le chapitre 5 propose et prédit une typologie sur le rapport entre les attitudes envers la solidarité et celles envers le contrôle, renvoyant à deux domaines centraux de régulation étatique. Enfin, le chapitre 6 examine le soutien à l'Etat social dans le domaine de l'action protestataire, utilisant des données d'une enquête menée auprès des militants espagnols du mouvement des Indignés. Les résultats de cette thèse apportent des éléments qui éclairent les débats contemporains sur la légitimité de l'Etat social et son démantèlement.