Hyperuricaemia and gout: state of the art and future perspectives.

Major progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of gout. These advances include identification of the genetic and environmental risk factors for gout, recognition that gout is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, elucidation of the pathways regulating the acute gout attack and the development of novel therapeutic agents to treat both the acute and chronic phases of the disease. This review summarises these advances and highlights the research agenda for the next decade.

Une brève histoire littéraire et sociopolitique du hindi moderne

Le premier volume de cette nouvelle série a pour ambition de faire découvrir au lecteur la littérature hindi, véritable trésor peu connu du public francophone. Ces dix nouvelles inédites ont pour auteurs des écrivains emblématiques des courants de sensibilité qui ont jalonné l'histoire de l'Inde moderne. Elles donnent un aperçu de l'évolution et de la complexité de la littérature hindi. Une introduction substantielle les situe, et situe leurs auteurs, dans l'histoire politique, sociale et culturelle du siècle écoulé, de l'époque coloniale à l'indépendance et aux défis de la modernité. Une plongée dans un univers poétique et humain à la fois exotique et familier. Ce titre ouvre une nouvelle collection consacrée aux littératures du sous-continent indien.

India in Translation through Hindi Literature. A Plurality of Voices

What role have translations from Hindi literary works played in shaping and transforming our knowledge about India? In this book, renowned scholars, translators and Hindi writers from India, Europe, and the United States offer their approaches to this question. Their articles deal with the political, cultural, and linguistic criteria germane to the selection and translation of Hindi works, the nature of the enduring links between India and Europe, and the reception of translated texts, particularly through the perspective of book history. More personal essays, both on the writing process itself or on the practice of translation, complete the volume and highlight the plurality of voices that are inherent to any translation. As the outcome of an international symposium held at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2008, India in Translation through Hindi Literature engages in the building of critical histories of the encounter between India and the «West», the use and impact of translations in this context, and Hindi literature and culture in connection to English (post)colonial power, literature and culture.

Senescence rates are determined by ranking on the fast-slow life-history continuum.

Comparative analyses of survival senescence by using life tables have identified generalizations including the observation that mammals senesce faster than similar-sized birds. These generalizations have been challenged because of limitations of life-table approaches and the growing appreciation that senescence is more than an increasing probability of death. Without using life tables, we examine senescence rates in annual individual fitness using 20 individual-based data sets of terrestrial vertebrates with contrasting life histories and body size. We find that senescence is widespread in the wild and equally likely to occur in survival and reproduction. Additionally, mammals senesce faster than birds because they have a faster life history for a given body size. By allowing us to disentangle the effects of two major fitness components our methods allow an assessment of the robustness of the prevalent life-table approach. Focusing on one aspect of life history - survival or recruitment - can provide reliable information on overall senescence.

Mapping HIV/STI behavioural surveillance in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Used in conjunction with biological surveillance, behavioural surveillance provides data allowing for a more precise definition of HIV/STI prevention strategies. In 2008, mapping of behavioural surveillance in EU/EFTA countries was performed on behalf of the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control. METHOD: Nine questionnaires were sent to all 31 member States and EEE/EFTA countries requesting data on the overall behavioural and second generation surveillance system and on surveillance in the general population, youth, men having sex with men (MSM), injecting drug users (IDU), sex workers (SW), migrants, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics patients. Requested data included information on system organisation (e.g. sustainability, funding, institutionalisation), topics covered in surveys and main indicators. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of the 31 countries contacted supplied data. Sixteen countries reported an established behavioural surveillance system, and 13 a second generation surveillance system (combination of biological surveillance of HIV/AIDS and STI with behavioural surveillance). There were wide differences as regards the year of survey initiation, number of populations surveyed, data collection methods used, organisation of surveillance and coordination with biological surveillance. The populations most regularly surveyed are the general population, youth, MSM and IDU. SW, patients of STI clinics and PLWHA are surveyed less regularly and in only a small number of countries, and few countries have undertaken behavioural surveys among migrant or ethnic minorities populations. In many cases, the identification of populations with risk behaviour and the selection of populations to be included in a BS system have not been formally conducted, or are incomplete. Topics most frequently covered are similar across countries, although many different indicators are used. In most countries, sustainability of surveillance systems is not assured. CONCLUSION: Although many European countries have established behavioural surveillance systems, there is little harmonisation as regards the methods and indicators adopted. The main challenge now faced is to build and maintain organised and functional behavioural and second generation surveillance systems across Europe, to increase collaboration, to promote robust, sustainable and cost-effective data collection methods, and to harmonise indicators.

Interplay of vitamin D, erythropoiesis, and the renin-angiotensin system.

For many years deficiency of vitamin D was merely identified and assimilated to the presence of bone rickets. It is now clear that suboptimal vitamin D status may be correlated with several disorders and that the expression of 1-α-hydroxylase in tissues other than the kidney is widespread and of clinical relevance. Recently, evidence has been collected to suggest that, beyond the traditional involvement in mineral metabolism, vitamin D may interact with other kidney hormones such as renin and erythropoietin. This interaction would be responsible for some of the systemic and renal effects evoked for the therapy with vitamin D. The administration of analogues of vitamin D has been associated with an improvement of anaemia and reduction in ESA requirements. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency could contribute to an inappropriately activated or unsuppressed RAS, as a mechanism for progression of CKD and/or cardiovascular disease. Experimental data on the anti-RAS and anti-inflammatory effects treatment with active vitamin D analogues suggest a therapeutic option particularly in proteinuric CKD patients. This option should be considered for those subjects that are intolerant to anti-RAS agents or, as add-on therapy, in those already treated with anti-RAS but not reaching the safe threshold level of proteinuria.