Critical evaluation of outcome scales to assess outcome after lateral ankle ligament repair

Introduction: Several scores are commonly used to evaluate patients' postoperative satisfaction after lateral ankle ligament repair, including: AOFAS, FAAM, CAIT and CAIS. Comparing published studies in the literature is difficult, as the same patient can have markedly different results depending on which scoring system is used. The current study aims to address this gap in the literature by developing a system to compare these tests, to allow better analysis and comparison of published studies. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of 47 patients following lateral ankle ligament repair using a modified Broström-Gould technique. All patients were operated between 2005 and 2010 by a single surgeon and followed the same post operative rehabilitation protocol. Six patients were excluded from the study because of concomitant surgery. Patients were assessed by an independent observer. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to analyse the concordance of the scores, as well as scatter plots to assess the linear relationship between them. Results: A linear distribution between the scores was found when the results were analysed using scatter plots. We were thus able to use the Pearson correlation coefficient to evaluate the relationship between each of the different postoperative scores. The correlation was found to be above 0.5 in all cases except for the comparison between the CAIT and the FAAM for the activities of daily living (0.39). We were, therefore, able to compare the results obtained and assess the relative concordance of the scoring systems. The results showed that the more specific the scale is, the worst the score is and inversely. So the CAIT and the CAIS appeared to be more severe than the AOFAS and the FAAM measuring the activities of daily living. The sports subscale of the FAAM demonstrated intermediate results. Conclusion: This study outlines a system to compare different postoperative scores commonly used to evaluate outcome after ankle stabilization surgery. The impact of this study is that it makes comparison of published studies easier, even though they use a variety of different clinical scores, thus facilitating better outcome analysis of operative techniques.

Creation of an Age-Adjusted, Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry-Derived Trabecular Bone Score Curve for the Lumbar Spine in Non-Hispanic US White Women.

The trabecular bone score (TBS, Med-Imaps, Pessac, France) is an index of bone microarchitecture texture extracted from anteroposterior dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images of the spine. Previous studies have documented the ability of TBS of the spine to differentiate between women with and without fractures among age- and areal bone mineral density (aBMD)-matched controls, as well as to predict future fractures. In this cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 3 geographically dispersed facilities in the United States, we investigated age-related changes in the microarchitecture of lumbar vertebrae as assessed by TBS in a cohort of non-Hispanic US white American women. All subjects were 30 yr of age and older and had an L1-L4aBMDZ-score within ±2 SD of the population mean. Individuals were excluded if they had fractures, were on any osteoporosis treatment, or had any illness that would be expected to impact bone metabolism. All data were extracted from Prodigy dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry devices (GE-Lunar, Madison, WI). Cross-calibrations between the 3 participating centers were performed for TBS and aBMD. aBMD and TBS were evaluated for spine L1-L4 but also for all other possible vertebral combinations. To validate the cohort, a comparison between the aBMD normative data of our cohort and US non-Hispanic white Lunar data provided by the manufacturer was performed. A database of 619 non-Hispanic US white women, ages 30-90 yr, was created. aBMD normative data obtained from this cohort were not statistically different from the non-Hispanic US white Lunar normative data provided by the manufacturer (p = 0.30). This outcome thereby indirectly validates our cohort. TBS values at L1-L4 were weakly inversely correlated with body mass index (r = -0.17) and weight (r = -0.16) and not correlated with height. TBS values for all lumbar vertebral combinations decreased significantly with age. There was a linear decrease of 16.0% (-2.47 T-score) in TBS at L1-L4 between 45 and 90 yr of age (vs. -2.34 for aBMD). Microarchitectural loss rate increased after age 65 by 50% (-0.004 to -0.006). Similar results were obtained for other combinations of lumbar vertebra. TBS, an index of bone microarchitectural texture, decreases with advancing age in non-Hispanic US white women. Little change in TBS is observed between ages 30 and 45. Thereafter, a progressive decrease is observed with advancing age. The changes we observed in these American women are similar to that previously reported for a French population of white women (r(2) > 0.99). This reference database will facilitate the use of TBS to assess bone microarchitectural deterioration in clinical practice.

Establishing an association between a peri-operative perfusion score system (PerfSCORE) and post-operative patient morbidity/mortality during CPB cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is no quality assurance program that correlates patient outcome to perfusion service provided during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). A score was devised, incorporating objective parameters that would reflect the likelihood to influence patient outcome. The purpose was to create a new method for evaluating the quality of care the perfusionist provides during CPB procedures and to deduce whether it predicts patient morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We analysed 295 consecutive elective patients. We chose 10 parameters: fluid balance, blood transfused, Hct, ACT, PaO2, PaCO2, pH, BE, potassium and CPB time. Distribution analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilcoxon test. This made up the PerfSCORE and we tried to find a correlation to mortality rate, patient stay in the ICU and length of mechanical ventilation. Univariate analysis (UA) using linear regression was established for each parameter. Statistical significance was established when p < 0.05. Multivariate analysis (MA) was performed with the same parameters. RESULTS: The mean age was 63.8 +/- 12.6 years with 70% males. There were 180 CABG, 88 valves, and 27 combined CABG/valve procedures. The PerfSCORE of 6.6 +/- 2.4 (0-20), mortality of 2.7% (8/295), CPB time 100 +/- 41 min (19-313), ICU stay 52 +/- 62 hrs (7-564) and mechanical ventilation of 10.5 +/- 14.8 hrs (0-564) was calculated. CPB time, fluid balance, PaO2, PerfSCORE and blood transfused were significantly correlated to mortality (UA, p < 0.05). Also, CPB time, blood transfused and PaO2 were parameters predicting mortality (MA, p < 0.01). Only pH was significantly correlated for predicting ICU stay (UA). Ultrafiltration (UF) and CPB time were significantly correlated (UA, p < 0.01) while UF (p < 0.05) was the only parameter predicting mechanical ventilation duration (MA). CONCLUSIONS: CPB time, blood transfused and PaO2 are independent risk factors of mortality. Fluid balance, blood transfusion, PaO2, PerfSCORE and CPB time are independent parameters for predicting morbidity. PerfSCORE is a quality of perfusion measure that objectively quantifies perfusion performance.

Pollution and pollutant transport in the geosphere - An introduction to the symposium

Environmental research in earth sciences is focused on the geosphere, i.e. (1) waters and sediments of rivers, lakes and oceans, and (2) soils and underlying shallow rock formations,both water-unsaturated and -saturated. The subsurface is studied down to greater depths at sites where waste repositories or tunnels are planned and mining activities exist. In recent years, earth scientists have become more and more involved in pollution problems related to their classical field of interest, e.g. groundwater, ore deposits, or petroleum and non-metal natural deposits (gravel, clay, cement precursors). Major pollutants include chemical substances, radioactive isotopes and microorganisms. Mechanisms which govern the transport of pollutants are of physical, chemical (dissolution, precipitation, adsorption), or microbiological (transformation) nature. Land-use planning must reflect a sustainable development and sound scientific criteria. Today's environmental pollution requires working teams with an interdisciplinary background in earth sciences, hydrology, chemistry, biology, physics as well as engineering. This symposium brought together for the first time in Switzerland earth and soil scientists, physicists and chemists, to present and discuss environmental issues concerning the geosphere.

Objective analysis of gait coordination for total knee arthroplasty outcome

Introduction: Coordination is a strategy chosen by the central nervous system to control the movements and maintain stability during gait. Coordinated multi-joint movements require a complex interaction between nervous outputs, biomechanical constraints, and pro-prioception. Quantitatively understanding and modeling gait coordination still remain a challenge. Surgeons lack a way to model and appreciate the coordination of patients before and after surgery of the lower limbs. Patients alter their gait patterns and their kinematic synergies when they walk faster or slower than normal speed to maintain their stability and minimize the energy cost of locomotion. The goal of this study was to provide a dynamical system approach to quantitatively describe human gait coordination and apply it to patients before and after total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A new method of quantitative analysis of interjoint coordination during gait was designed, providing a general model to capture the whole dynamics and showing the kinematic synergies at various walking speeds. The proposed model imposed a relationship among lower limb joint angles (hips and knees) to parameterize the dynamics of locomotion of each individual. An integration of different analysis tools such as Harmonic analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Network helped overcome high-dimensionality, temporal dependence, and non-linear relationships of the gait patterns. Ten patients were studied using an ambulatory gait device (Physilog®). Each participant was asked to perform two walking trials of 30m long at 3 different speeds and to complete an EQ-5D questionnaire, a WOMAC and Knee Society Score. Lower limbs rotations were measured by four miniature angular rate sensors mounted respectively, on each shank and thigh. The outcomes of the eight patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were compared to 2 age-matched healthy subjects. Results: The new method provided coordination scores at various walking speeds, ranged between 0 and 10. It determined the overall coordination of the lower limbs as well as the contribution of each joint to the total coordination. The difference between the pre-operative and post-operative coordination values were correlated with the improvements of the subjective outcome scores. Although the study group was small, the results showed a new way to objectively quantify gait coordination of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, using only portable body-fixed sensors. Conclusion: A new method for objective gait coordination analysis has been developed with very encouraging results regarding the objective outcome of lower limb surgery.

Device-specific weighted T-score for two quantitative ultrasounds: operational propositions for the management of osteoporosis for 65 years and older women in Switzerland.

The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for the diagnosis of osteoporosis are mainly applicable for dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements at the spine and hip levels. There is a growing demand for cheaper devices, free of ionizing radiation such as promising quantitative ultrasound (QUS). In common with many other countries, QUS measurements are increasingly used in Switzerland without adequate clinical guidelines. The T-score approach developed for DXA cannot be applied to QUS, although well-conducted prospective studies have shown that ultrasound could be a valuable predictor of fracture risk. As a consequence, an expert committee named the Swiss Quality Assurance Project (SQAP, for which the main mission is the establishment of quality assurance procedures for DXA and QUS in Switzerland) was mandated by the Swiss Association Against Osteoporosis (ASCO) in 2000 to propose operational clinical recommendations for the use of QUS in the management of osteoporosis for two QUS devices sold in Switzerland. Device-specific weighted "T-score" based on the risk of osteoporotic hip fractures as well as on the prediction of DXA osteoporosis at the hip, according to the WHO definition of osteoporosis, were calculated for the Achilles (Lunar, General Electric, Madison, Wis.) and Sahara (Hologic, Waltham, Mass.) ultrasound devices. Several studies (totaling a few thousand subjects) were used to calculate age-adjusted odd ratios (OR) and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) for the prediction of osteoporotic fracture (taking into account a weighting score depending on the design of the study involved in the calculation). The ORs were 2.4 (1.9-3.2) and AUC 0.72 (0.66-0.77), respectively, for the Achilles, and 2.3 (1.7-3.1) and 0.75 (0.68-0.82), respectively, for the Sahara device. To translate risk estimates into thresholds for clinical application, 90% sensitivity was used to define low fracture and low osteoporosis risk, and a specificity of 80% was used to define subjects as being at high risk of fracture or having osteoporosis at the hip. From the combination of the fracture model with the hip DXA osteoporotic model, we found a T-score threshold of -1.2 and -2.5 for the stiffness (Achilles) determining, respectively, the low- and high-risk subjects. Similarly, we found a T-score at -1.0 and -2.2 for the QUI index (Sahara). Then a screening strategy combining QUS, DXA, and clinical factors for the identification of women needing treatment was proposed. The application of this approach will help to minimize the inappropriate use of QUS from which the whole field currently suffers.

Dépistage et traitement de l'infection tuberculeuse latente chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés dans le canton de Vaud Dépistage et traitement de l'infection tuberculeuse latente chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés dans le canton de Vaud

I. Facteurs associés avec l'infection tuberculose latent chez les requérants d'asile entrant dans le canton de Vaud : Une étude transversale dans le canton de Vaud. Objectifs : Les objectifs de cette étude étaient l'identification des facteurs associés à l'infection tuberculeuse latente (ITBL) chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés au Canton de Vaud et leur utilisation pondérée pour l'élaboration d'un score prédictif qui pourrait permettre la meilleure sélection des individus à dépister avec les Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA). Méthode : Le protocole de l'étude prévoyait l'inclusion des requérants d'asile de plus de 16 ans, récemment arrivés dans deux centre de requérant du canton de Vaud ceux de Sainte-Croix et de Crissier. De septembre 2009 à juillet 2010 les requérants d'asile ont bénéficié lors des visites au centre de soins infirmier (CSI) d'informations sur l'ITBL et le protocole et les enjeux de l'étude. Les requérants d'asile ont d'emblée été informées que leur participation à l'étude n'aurait pas d'impact sur le débouché de leur dossier d'asile et qu'il n'y aurait pas de compensation financière à leur participation. Après avoir signé le consentement éclairé les requérants d'asile bénéficiaient d'une entrevue avec l'infirmière du centre où un questionnaire démographique et médical était remplit. 10cc de sang étaient prélevés à la fin de l'entrevue pour l'examen IGRA. Les patients présentant des symptômes évocateurs de tuberculose active ou un anamnèse de traitement pour une tuberculose active étaient exclus de l'étude et adressés au médecin référant du centre pour une visite médicale. Selon les résultats du test T-SPOT.TB (IGRA), les requérants étaient classés en deux groupes : positifs et négatifs. Le groupe IGRA positif était adressé au médecin référant. L'analyse statistique des données de l'étude a été réalisée par le logiciel STATA 11.2. Les coefficients de l'analyse multivariée ont été combinées pour la création d'un score pronostic dont la puissance de discrimination a été évaluée par une courbe ROC. Le protocole de l'étude avait reçu l'aval de la commission d'éthique de l'Université de Lausanne. Résultats : Durant la période de l'étude, 788 requérants d'asile ont été hébergés dans les deux centres de l'étude. 639 avaient plus de 16 ans et 393 d'entre eux ont participé à l'étude (61.50%). 295 (75.06%) avaient un IGRA négatif et 98 (24.93%) étaient positifs. A noter que parmi les 98 positifs, 5 avaient une tuberculose active non détecté précédemment. Les analyses univarié et multivarié ont permis d'identifier 6 facteurs associées à l'ITBL : Région d'origine, moyen de transport, état civil, âge, toux et antécédent d'exposition à la tuberculose. Le score élaboré en combinant ces 6 facteurs présente un AUC de 81% avec une sensibilité de 80%, une spécificité de 70% et des valeurs prédictive positive et négative respectivement de 45% et 92% quant un seuil de 13 est utilisé. Conclusion : Les requérants d'asile qui immigrent en Suisse proviennent de pays où l'incidence de la tuberculose est supérieure à celle des pays de l'Europe occidentale et présentent un risque élevé pour l'infection tuberculose latente (ITBL). L'origine comme seul facteur n'est pas suffisant pour stratifier le risque d'ITBL et ne peut pas justifier la prescription d'un traitement préventif d'ITBL. L'introduction des tests de détection, hautement spécifiques de l'infection au M. tuberculosis tel que les IGRA ainsi que le taux élevé de réussite des traitements préventifs de l'infection latente ont ouvert la voie à un dépistage précoce de l'ITBL qui compléterait le dépistage de la tuberculose active actuellement effectué à la frontière. Afin de mieux cibler le dépistage par ces tests une meilleure sélection des individus à dépister est impérative. Elle pourrait se faire en évaluant le score individuel de risque ITBL par requérant. -- II. Taux élevé d'adhérence au traitement préventif de l'infection tuberculeuse latente prescrit à un collectif de requérants d'asile dans un canton suisse. Objectifs: L'efficacité du traitement préventif de l'infection tuberculeuse latente dépend de l'adherence du sujet au traitement. Un traitement bien conduit pour une duré prévue est en mesure de prévenir l'activation des cas d'infection tuberculeuse latente (ITBL). Le plus grand enjeu dans un programme préventif pour la tuberculose est, outre de cibler la détection des individus les plus à risque pour l'ITBL, de pouvoir traiter efficacement le collectif dépisté positif. Cette étude évaluait la faisabilité d'un traitement préventif court parmi un collectif de requérants d'asile porteurs d'une ITBL dans le canton de Vaud. Méthode: Nous avons effectué une étude prospective de cohorte parmi des requérants d'asile récemment attribués dans le canton de Vaud, âgés de plus de 16 ans et qui avaient été dépistés positifs par IGRA. L'ensemble du collectif selon le protocole de l'étude était adressé au médecin référant afin d'exclure une tuberculose active et pour discuter du traitement préventif si le diagnostic d'ITBL était confirmé. Lors de la première visite médicale, outre l'examen clinique, un bilan radiologique avec une radiographie du thorax et un bilan de la biologie hépatique ainsi qu'un test de dépistage HIV était proposé à l'ensemble du collectif. En cas de suspicion clinique ou d'image radiologique suspecte de tuberculose active le sujet était adressé pour des examens complémentaires. Les sujets porteurs d'ITBL se voyaient proposés, en l'absence de contre indications, un traitement de rifampicine de quatre mois. En acceptant de participer à l'étude ils s'engageaient de se présenter à leur contrôle médical mensuel où était évaluée l'adhérence au traitement et l'apparition d'effets indésirable ou de complications. Si l'adhérence était jugée correcte l'ordonnance du traitement était renouvelée d'un mois et le requérant recevait son prochain rendez-vous de contrôle. L'adhérence était considéré satisfaisante si le patient était adhérent à son schéma de visites médicales et demandait le renouvellement de son ordonnance. Si le requérant d'asile ne se présentait pas à deux contrôles il était considéré comme non adhérent et son traitement est suspendu. Résultats : Notre collectif comptait 98 sujet présument atteint de ITBL sur la base du test T-SPOT.TB ce qui représentait 24.9% du collectif initial. L'âge moyen était de 26.7 ans, 74% était des hommes. La majorité étaient des africains: 66 %, 17% étaient asiatiques et les populations balkaniques et de l'exunion soviétique étaient représentés à part égale d'huit pourcent. Parmi notre collectif nous n'avions pas de sujet immunodéficient notamment HIV positif. Des 98 sujets, 11 ne se sont pas présenté à leur visite médicale initiale. La visite médicale initiale a permis la détection de 8 patients porteurs d'une tuberculose active, dont cinq ont reçu un traitement antituberculeux, ou d'une autre affection pulmonaire non tuberculeuse. Chez deux patients il y avait une contre-indication au traitement préventif et deux avaient un anamnèse positif de traitement antituberculeux non précédemment déclaré. Le traitement préventif a été prescrit à 74 requérants d'asile. Durant le suivi mensuel trois requérants ne se sont pas présentés lors de la première visite de suivi, trois lors de la seconde et sept lors de la troisième pour un total de 13 sujets. Chez deux sujets le traitement préventif a du être suspendu à cause d'une adhérence problématique secondaire à des abus de substances illégales. Durant le suivi, nous n'avons pas eu de sérieuses complications ni d'effets indésirables au traitement qui auraient nécessité son arrêt. En final 60/75 des sujets ont achevé leur traitement soit 80% du collectif. Conclusion: Malgré la vulnérabilité et la volatilité inhérente à cette population qui est d'ailleurs la plus à risqué de réactivation d'une ITBL, cette étude montre que il est possible d'obtenir de taux d'adhérence très élevés au traitement préventif. Nous considérons que les conditions qui ont permis ces résultats sont la prescription d'un schéma de traitement préventif court, un suivi médico-soignant régulier et l'hébergement contrôlée et stable où résidait notre collectif.

Evaluation of a summary score of cognitive performance for use in trials in perioperative and critical care.

Background/Aims: Cognitive dysfunction after medical treatment is increasingly being recognized. Studies on this topic require repeated cognitive testing within a short time. However, with repeated testing, practice effects must be expected. We quantified practice effects in a demographically corrected summary score of a neuropsychological test battery repeatedly administered to healthy elderly volunteers. Methods: The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (for which a demographically corrected summary score was developed), phonemic fluency tests, and trail-making tests were administered in healthy volunteers aged 65 years or older on days 0, 7, and 90. This battery allows calculation of a demographically adjusted continuous summary score. Results: Significant practice effects were observed in the CERAD total score and in the word list (learning and recall) subtest. Based on these volunteer data, we developed a threshold for diagnosis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) with the CERAD total score. Conclusion: Practice effects with repeated administration of neuropsychological tests must be accounted for in the interpretation of such tests. Ignoring practice effects may lead to an underestimation of POCD. The usefulness of the proposed demographically adjusted continuous score for cognitive function will have to be tested prospectively in patients.

The Change Questionnaire predicts change in hazardous tobacco and alcohol use.

INTRODUCTION: Assessing motivation for change is deemed an important step in the treatment process that allows further refinement of the intervention in motivational interviewing (MI) and brief MI (BMI) adaptations. During MI (and BMI) sessions, motivation for change is expressed by the client as "change talk", i.e. all statements inclined toward or away from change. We tested the predictive validity of the Change Questionnaire, a 12-item instrument assessing motivation to change, on hazardous tobacco and alcohol use. METHODS: As part of the baseline measurements for a randomized controlled trial on multi-substance BMI at the Lausanne recruitment center (army conscription is mandatory in Switzerland for males at age 20, and thus provides a unique opportunity to address a non-clinical and largely representative sample of young men), 213 participants completed the questionnaire on tobacco and 95 on alcohol and were followed-up six months later. The overall Change Questionnaire score and its six subscales (Desire, Ability, Reasons, Need, Commitment, and Taking steps) were used as predictors of hazardous tobacco use (defined as daily smoking) and hazardous alcohol use (defined as more than one occasion with six standard drinks or more per month, and/or more than 21 standard drinks per week) in bivariate logistic regression models at follow-up. RESULTS: Higher overall Change scores were significant predictors of decreased risk for hazardous tobacco (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83, p = 0.046) and alcohol (OR = 0.76, p = 0.03) use. Several sub-dimensions were associated with the outcomes in bivariate analyses. Using a principal components analysis to reduce the number of predictors for multivariate models, we obtained two components. 'Ability to change' was strongly related to change in hazardous tobacco use (OR = 0.54, p < 0.001), the second we interpreted as 'Other change language dimensions' and which was significantly related to change in hazardous alcohol use (OR = 0.81, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings lend initial support for the predictive validity of the Change Questionnaire on hazardous tobacco and alcohol use, making it an interesting and potentially useful tool for assessing motivation to change among young males.