74 resultados para Epistemology, Contemporary Epistemology, Wittgenstein
Resumo:
The tools of visualisation occupy a central place in medicine. Far from being simple accessories of glance, they literally constitute objects of medicine. Such empirical acknowledgement and epistemological position open a vast field of investigation: visual technologies of medical knowledge. This article studies the development and transformation of medical objects which have permitted to assess the role of temporality in the epistemology of medicine. It firstly examines the general problem of the relationships between cinema, animated image and medicine and secondly, the contribution of the German doctor Martin Weiser to medical cinematography as a method. Finally, a typology is sketched out organising the variety of the visual technology of movement under the perspective of the development of specific visual techniques in medicine.
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This paper examines the use of the medical metaphor in the early theories of crises. It first considers the borrowing of medical terminology and generic references to disease which, notwithstanding their relatively trivial character, illustrate how crises were originally conceived as disturbances (often of a political nature) to a naturally healthy system. Then it shows how a more specific metaphor, the fever of speculation, shifted the emphasis by treating prosperity as the diseased phase, to which crises are a remedy. The metaphor of the epidemic spreading of the disease introduced the theme of the cumulative character of both upswing and downswing, while the similitude with intermittent fevers accounted for the recurring nature of crises. Finally, the paper examines how the medical reflections on the causality of diseases contributed to the epistemology of crises theory, and reflects on the metaphisical shift accompanying the transition from the theories of crises to the theories of cycles.
Resumo:
Résumé : Cette recherche doctorale analyse l'engagement des médecins français autour de l'éducation physique entre 1741 et 1888. Basé sur un travail prosopographique d'identification des médecins qui ont participé à l'élaboration de l'éducation physique, ce travail repose sur une mise en dialogue de leurs prises de position respectives. Pour réaliser cette enquête, nous avons compulsé un large corpus de sources primaires, composé des ouvrages consacrés à la gymnastique médicale mais aussi une très large portion de la production d'imprimés touchant à l'anatomie, l'hygiène, la thérapeutique, la physiologie, l'orthopédie, etc. Le corpus contient également des articles des principaux dictionnaires médicaux de la période et des principales revues médicales du XIXe siècle. Avec une approche critique de l'historiographie et à partir de ce corpus, nous avons travaillé dans le cadre de contextes définis pour saisir au plus près les logiques sociales et scientifiques amenant les médecins auprès de l'éducation physique. Trois conjonctures successives structurent l'engagement médical. Entre 1741 et 1817, la thèse retrace l'émergence d'un questionnement ; les années 1817-1847 constituent un « moment orthopédique » dans la formulation de la gymnastique ; et finalement entre 1847 et 1888, on observe une diversification des voies de légitimation médicale des exercices du corps. Ces trois moments de l'histoire des « discours gymniques médicaux » proposent un certain nombre de convergences : la prégnance de l'orthopédie, une certaine concentration autour de la santé des corps féminins, l'inclusion dans un « projet hygiéniste » ; mais aussi des divergences et des singularités : relatives à la progressive structuration en cours du champ médical, à l'implication progressive du politique (surtout après 1845/1850), aux transformations des pathologies/doctrines médicales « dominantes », ainsi qu'à l'importance plus ou moins forte de l'une ou l'autre des facettes de l'éducation physique (militaire, athlétique, « médicinale » ou pédagogique). Le processus est aussi celui de l'expérimentation de la curation de certaines pathologies (scolioses, affections nerveuses), dans des configurations idéologiques/scientifiques marquées par la « dégénération » (XVIIIe siècle), l'anatomie pathologique (début du XIXe siècle) et plus tard la « dégénérescence » et les affections nerveuses (après 1850). Dans le cadre d'une dynamique d'inspiration « foucaldienne », ces recommandations évoluent d'une anatomopolitique - caractérisée par un essor de discours empreints d'anatomie au XVIIIe siècle - vers une biopolitique - caractérisée par l'engagement de l'Etat qui fait de la gymnastique une discipline d'enseignement, pensée à des fins hygiéniques dans la seconde moitié du XIXe - où le processus réside en fait dans une biologisation progressive des recommandations pratiques. Observée à l'aune de la formulation médicale de l'éducation physique, la biopolitique n'est pas réalisée dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe, elle se compose lentement aux marges de l'institution scolaire et des gymnastiques pédagogico-militaires pour constituer un projet thérapeutique et hygiénique plus construit après 1850. Abstract : This dissertation analyzes French doctor's involvement in debates and initiatives concerning physical education between 1741 and 1888. Based on a prosopographic inventory of those physicians who participated in the development of physical education, it explores the variety of their discourses with respect to the practice of physical exercises. This investigation relies on a large selection of primary sources: works devoted to medical gymnastic, but also medical treatises related to anatomy, hygiene, therapeutics, physiology, orthopedics, etc. The sources also include articles from the major medical dictionaries and journals of the nineteenth century. These documents are used to explore the socio-scientific mechanisms that underlay physicians' commitment to physical education. Three chronological periods structure medical engagement in the area of physical education. Between 1741 and 1817 the thesis traces the emergence of a questioning; the years 1817 to 1847 represent an « orthopedic moment » in the development of gymnastics; finally between 1847 and 1888, one witnesses a diversification of the legitimation process between medicine and gymnastics. These three moments in the history of « medical and gymnastic discourses » offer a number of similarities: the weight of orthopedics, the ongoing focus on the health of the female body, and the association of these discourses with a « hygienic project ». But differences also distinguish these periods as the medical field became more structured and new medical doctrines became dominant, with the increasing involvement of politics (especially after 1850), and with the changing weight of priorities within physical education (military, athletic, « medical » or pedagogic). Medical discourses centered on the curing of certain diseases (scoliosis or nervous disorders) are analyzed within an ideological configuration marked by the idea of « degeneration » (in the eighteenth century), « pathological anatomy » (in the early nineteenth century) and later « dégénérescence » associated with nervous disorders (after 1850). The dissertation draws on Foucault's historical epistemology to understand how medical recommendations evolve from an anatomopolitics - characterized by a surge in anatomical discourses - toward a biopolitics - characterized by the commitment of the State to introduce gymnastics for hygienic purposes into schools in the second half of the nineteenth century. This process reveals a progressive "biologization" of practical recommendations. The medical discourses about physical education show that Foucault's biopolitical power is not achieved in the second half of the eighteenth century, but develops slowly at the margins of the school system and of pedagogical and military gymnastic, becoming a veritable hygienic and therapeutic project only after 1850.
Resumo:
BACKGROUND: The race- and sex-specific epidemiology of incident heart failure (HF) among a contemporary elderly cohort are not well described. METHODS: We studied 2934 participants without HF enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (mean [SD] age, 73.6 [2.9] years; 47.9% men; 58.6% white; and 41.4% black) and assessed the incidence of HF, population-attributable risk (PAR) of independent risk factors for HF, and outcomes of incident HF. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 258 participants (8.8%) developed HF (13.6 cases per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval, 12.1-15.4). Men and black participants were more likely to develop HF. No significant sex-based differences were observed in risk factors. Coronary heart disease (PAR, 23.9% for white participants and 29.5% for black participants) and uncontrolled blood pressure (PAR, 21.3% for white participants and 30.1% for black participants) carried the highest PAR in both races. Among black participants, 6 of 8 risk factors assessed (smoking, increased heart rate, coronary heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, uncontrolled blood pressure, and reduced glomerular filtration rate) had more than 5% higher PAR compared with that among white participants, leading to a higher overall proportion of HF attributable to modifiable risk factors in black participants vs white participants (67.8% vs 48.9%). Participants who developed HF had higher annual mortality (18.0% vs 2.7%). No racial difference in survival after HF was noted; however, rehospitalization rates were higher among black participants (62.1 vs 30.3 hospitalizations per 100 person-years, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Incident HF is common in older persons; a large proportion of HF risk is attributed to modifiable risk factors. Racial differences in risk factors for HF and in hospitalization rates after HF need to be considered in prevention and treatment efforts.
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Dans le cadre du XVe colloque annuel du Groupe d'Etude Pratiques sociales et théories de l'Université de Lausanne consacré au thème de l'animalité et de l'humanité en référence à A. Portmann, l'A. étudie l'analyse des structures particulières du pôle céphalique et caudal chez les vertébrés supérieurs, développée par le biologiste suisse dans son ouvrage intitulé «La forme animale» (1959), d'une part, et examine quelques nouveaux paradigmes concernant les couleurs des robes et les testicules chez les oiseaux et les mammifères, qui ont été établis depuis à leur sujet, d'autre part
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Under the referential of a ternary logic, this article aims to focus on the geographical map perceived as a visual object and the question of surfaces of representation. We analyse the status of map making versus landscape representation, the relations between a map and a painted picture. A ternary model of the pictural composition perspective|light/pictural field is proposed. The frame of the map, articulating the space that is cut out and the space included is discussed in a parallel between maps and painted pictures.
Resumo:
The debate about Free Will has been in the human mind for centuries, but has become even more intense with the recent scientific findings adding new lights on the problem. This interdisciplinary explosion of interest for the topic has brought many insightful knowledge, but also a great deal of epistemological problems. We think that those epistemological problems are deeply related to the very definition of Free Will and how this definition interacts with the interpretations of experimental results. We will thus outline a few of these problems and then propose a definition of Free Will which takes into account those epistemological pitfalls.