From rifting to passive margin - The examples of the Red Sea, Central Atlantic and Alpine Tethys

Evolution of the Red Sea/Gulf of Suez and the Central Atlantic rift systems shows that an initial, transtensive rifting phase, affecting a broad area around the future zone of crustal separation, was followed by a pre-oceanic rifting phase during which extensional strain was concentrated on the axial rift zone. This caused lateral graben systems to become inactive and they evolved into rift-rim basins. The transtensive phase of diffuse crustal extension is recognized in many intra-continental rifts. If controlling stress systems relax, these rifts abort and develop into palaeorifts. If controlling stress systems persist, transtensive rift systems can enter the pre-oceanic rifting stage, during which the rift zone narrows and becomes asymmetric as a consequence of simple-shear deformation at shallow crustal levels and pure shear deformation at lower crustal and mantle-lithospheric levels. Preceding crustal separation, extensional denudation of the lithospheric mantle is possible. Progressive lithospheric attenuation entails updoming of the asthenosphere and thermal doming of the rift shoulders. Their uplift provides a major clastic source for the rift basins and the lateral rift-rim basins. Their stratigraphic record provides a sensitive tool for dating the rift shoulder uplift. Asymmetric rifting leads to the formation of asymmetric continental margins, corresponding in a simple-shear model to an upper plate and a conjugate lower plate margin, as seen in the Central Atlantic passive margins of the United States and Morocco. This rifting model can be successfully applied to the analysis of the Alpine Tethys palaeo-margins (such as Rif and the Western Alps).

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ambrosia artemisiifolia

1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Common ragweed) that are relevant to understanding its ecology. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation, impacts and management. 2. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, annual herb native to North America whose height varies from 10 cm to 2.5 m according to environmental conditions. It has erect, branched stems and pinnately lobed leaves. Spike-like racemes of male capitula composed of staminate (male) florets terminate the stems, while cyme-like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are arranged in groups the axils of main and lateral stem leaves. 3. Seeds require prolonged chilling to break dormancy. Following seedling emergence in spring, the rate of vegetative growth depends on temperature, but development occurs over a wide thermal range. In temperate European climates, male and female flowers are produced from summer to early autumn (July to October). 4. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is sensitive to freezing. Late spring frosts kill seedlings and the first autumn frosts terminate the growing season. It has a preference for dry soils of intermediate to rich nutrient level. 5. Ambrosia artemisiifolia was introduced into Europe with seed imports from North America in the 19th century. Since World War II, it has become widespread in temperate regions of Europe and is now abundant in open, disturbed habitats as a ruderal and agricultural weed. 6. Recently, the N. American ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) has been detected in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. This species appears to have the capacity to substantially reduce growth and seed production of A. artemisiifolia. 7. In heavily infested regions of Europe, A. artemisiifolia causes substantial crop-yield losses and its copious, highly allergenic pollen creates considerable public health problems. There is consensus among models that climate change will allow its northward and up-hill spread in Europe.

L'énigme de la Vauderie de Lyon : enquête sur l'essor de la chasse aux sorcières entre France et Empire (1430-1480)

Le traité de sorcellerie connu sous le nom de Vauderye de Lyonois en brief n'a cessé d'intriguer les historiens. Sa description des agissements d'une secte de sorciers et de sorcières au service du diable le rattache indubitablement au puissant stéréotype du sabbat qui se construit dans la première moitié du XVe siècle. L'anonymat de son auteur, ainsi que la difficulté à établir les circonstances de sa rédaction, ont cependant contribué à reléguer ce texte énigmatique dans un angle mort de l'historiographie. À la lumière de nouvelles sources, le présent ouvrage entend restituer à la Vauderye de Lyonois toute son importance historique. Au-delà de l'édition critique, de la traduction et de l'analyse interne du texte, l'enquête offre un éclairage inédit sur les modalités d'émergence, de succès ou, a contrario, d'échec de la chasse aux sorcières dans la ville de Lyon, au temps de Charles VII. L'histoire retrouvée de la Vauderie de Lyon implique également une étude comparée des espaces frontaliers du royaume de France et de l'Empire (Dauphiné, Bourgogne, Savoie, Artois, Rhénanie) en fonction de leur sensibilité au péril sorcier. Se dessine ainsi un paysage politique où le nouveau mythe du sabbat, tout en se jouant apparemment des frontières, contribue aussi à mieux les définir.