Etre médecin africain en Europe

Plusieurs milliers de médecins à diplômes africains, originaires du Maghreb, de l'Égypte et de l'Afrique au sud du Sahara exercent aujourd'hui en Europe. Si les pays d'Afrique du Nord et d'Égypte viennent largement en tête avec 75 % des effectifs, l'Afrique subsaharienne représente avec Madagascar et Maurice les 25 % restants. L'ouvrage d'Angèle Mendy se concentre sur les cas de la France, de la Grande-Bretagne et de la Suisse, trois pays aux contextes d'accueil bien différents. Ces docteurs du continent africain sont venus faire carrière dans les pays du Nord, principalement à l'appel de services hospitaliers ou d'agences de recrutement internationales, mais aussi comme praticiens libéraux. Ce sont des migrants qualifiés qui connaissent rarement des problèmes d'emploi dans leur pays d'origine, mais qui tentent leur chance dans des pays riches confrontés à des pénuries de personnel. À l'heure de la mondialisation, ces médecins ne sont pas différents des ingénieurs indiens ou chinois qui travaillent en Europe ou aux États- Unis ou des ingénieurs européens qui s'exportent en Chine ou au Qatar. Angèle Mendy nous offre une série d'analyses sur cette migration spécifique. Jouent d'abord les anciennes relations de l'Europe et de l'Afrique de l'époque coloniale, prolongées cinquante ans après les indépendances par de nombreux échanges : la médecine occidentale représente pour les médecins du Continent une valorisation professionnelle et de nouvelles compétences. Pour comprendre le phénomène, il y a aussi et tout autant les conditions difficiles de l'exercice de la médecine dans les pays d'origine (insécurité ou guerre civile, réseaux pro- fessionnels atteints par la corruption, revenus médiocres, équipements hospitaliers déficients, voire absents...). Comme tous les migrants, les médecins africains rêvent, eux aussi, de trouver un avenir meilleur. L'ouvrage nous livre de nombreuses informations sur les législations et les pratiques médicales des trois pays européens étudiés. S'appuyant sur les témoignages des médecins eux-mêmes, Angèle Mendy ne manque pas de souligner aussi les difficultés de cette immigration toute particulière.

Strong decline in the consumption of invertebrates by barn owls from 1860 to 2012 in Europe

Capsule The analysis of 616 papers about the diet of the European Barn Owl Tyto alba showed that 9678 invertebrates were captured out of 3.13 million prey items (0.31%). The consumption of invertebrates strongly decreased between 1860 and 2012. This further demonstrates that the Barn Owl diet changed to a large extent during the last 150 years.

Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an important clinical problem. Prospective studies of the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of CPSP are needed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of CPSP. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective, observational trial. SETTING: Twenty-one hospitals in 11 European countries. PATIENTS: Three thousand one hundred and twenty patients undergoing surgery and enrolled in the European registry PAIN OUT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain-related outcome was evaluated on the first postoperative day (D1) using a standardised pain outcome questionnaire. Review at 6 and 12 months via e-mail or telephonic interview used the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique four questions). Primary endpoint was the incidence of moderate to severe CPSP (numeric rating scale, NRS ≥3/10) at 12 months. RESULTS: For 1044 and 889 patients, complete data were available at 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, the incidence of moderate to severe CPSP was 11.8% (95% CI 9.7 to 13.9) and of severe pain (NRS ≥6) 2.2% (95% CI 1.2 to 3.3). Signs of neuropathic pain were recorded in 35.4% (95% CI 23.9 to 48.3) and 57.1% (95% CI 30.7 to 83.4) of patients with moderate and severe CPSP, respectively. Functional impairment (BPI) at 6 and 12 months increased with the severity of CPSP (P < 0.01) and presence of neuropathic characteristics (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified orthopaedic surgery, preoperative chronic pain and percentage of time in severe pain on D1 as risk factors. A 10% increase in percentage of time in severe pain was associated with a 30% increase of CPSP incidence at 12 months. CONCLUSION: The collection of data on CPSP was feasible within the European registry PAIN OUT. The incidence of moderate to severe CPSP at 12 months was 11.8%. Functional impairment was associated with CPSP severity and neuropathic characteristics. Risk factors for CPSP in the present study were chronic preoperative pain, orthopaedic surgery and percentage of time in severe pain on D1. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01467102.

Courts and Courtly Cultures in Early Modern Italy and Europe: Models and Languages

This volume deals with the forms of propaganda and self-representation, through words and images, during the rise of the 'civiltà delle corti' and through processes typical of the time, such as confrontation, adaptation, competition and rivalry. This period, which marked the passage of Italian and European culture from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, is fundamental in the development of Modern Europe, and it lasted up to the XVIII century and beyond. At the heart of many matters debated here lies the relationship between culture and politics. The formation of a 'Lombard identity', central to the Sinergia project which was the frame of the whole research and its conferences, is closely linked to this broad general context. It places the so called 'questione milanese' - above the traditional hierarchies 'Toscana oriented' - at the centre of many questions regarding Northern Italy as a whole, starting from the dissolution of the Medieval communes, through to the rise of the signorie, from the end of the XIII century and the beginning of the XIV century up to the early XVI century.

Automobile Corporate Networks in Europe : Sectoral Specialization of Central and Eastern European Cities

The global automobile industry is made up of very large corporations and their various subsidiaries containing different functions that create complex locational structures. The networks formed by the 19 largest automobile transnational corporations constitute an automobile "oligopoly" representing more than 90% (OICA, 2012) of the world's production. Since the mid-1990s, Central and Eastern European cities have become attractive for transnational corporations and particularly for the production functions in the automobile sector. This leads to a crucial question. Are strategic functions (such as R&D) within these networks also located in Central and Eastern Europe, or is the region still manufacturing-oriented in the automobile industry? This paper focuses on the patterns and the main factors influencing the role of some of these new central and Eastern European cities that have become integrated in the global value chain of the automobile industry. By analysing the various locations of the specialized functions within the corporations, this study aims to extend the research on global value chains (Gereffi and Korzeniewicz; 1994, Sturgeon, 2000; Krätke, 2014). The spatial patterns of the various functions and the ownerships networks of the automobile industry are constructed in order to identify the cities supporting it. In particular, the way that national metropolises bring their national territories into the globalization of the automobile industry is addressed. For example, are there some specific advantages of capital cities compared to cities that have less integration in globalization terms?

BD-US: les comics vus par l'Europe

Cet ouvrage réunit des spécialistes de l'étude de la bande dessinée qui proposent une série d'éclairages sur la manière dont les productions culturelles européennes ont diffusé, exploité, reformulé ou détourné l'imaginaire et le langage des comics venus d'outre-Atlantique. L'approche se veut résolument comparative, interculturelle et intermédiale : les chercheurs abordent autant Edgar P. Jacobs ou les récents albums de Serge Lehman que les séries TV de science-fiction britanniques ou les films d'Alain Resnais, et se proposent d'interroger la réception et les réappropriations de motifs et genres populaires situés au croisement d'influences et de références diverses. La production américaine est ainsi discutée dans toute sa richesse, des super-héros à l'underground, à travers des (re)lectures proposées en Europe.