What young people with spina bifida want to know about sex and are not being told.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to examine sexual knowledge, concerns and needs of youth with spina bifida (SB) to inform the medical community on ways to better support their sexual health. METHODS: As part of the Video Intervention/Prevention Assessment (VIA) - transitions, a prospective cohort study, 309 h of video data were collected from 14 participants (13-28 years old) with SB. Participants were loaned a video camcorder for 8-12 weeks to shoot visual narratives about any aspects of their lives. V/A visual narratives were analysed with grounded theory using NVivo. RESULTS: Out of 14 participants, 11 (six women) addressed issues surrounding romantic relationships and sexuality in their video clips. Analysis revealed shared concerns, questions and challenges regarding sexuality gathered under four main themes: romantic relationships, sexuality, fertility and parenthood, and need for more talk on sexuality. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with SB reported difficulties in finding answers to questions regarding their sexuality, romantic relationships and fertility. This study revealed a need for help from the medical community to inform and empower youth with SB in the area of sexual health. Through sexual and reproductive health education with patients and parents starting at an early age, medical providers can further encourage healthy emotional and physical development in adolescents transitioning into adulthood.

Elaborated Literary Violence: Genre and Ideology of the Two Stories I Sam 22,6-23 and II Sam 21,1-14

The present article focuses on two stories dealing with acts of big blood shed. I Sam 22,6-23 relates the massacre of the priests of Nob; II Sam 21,1-14 is about the execution of seven descendents of Saul, as atonement for Saul's attempt to exterminate the Gibeonites. Most researchers consider both stories or at least certain parts of them old.1 For both stories few verses are regarded as secondary. In this paper I try to reassess the analysis of these stories and will point to indices favoring a late date of origin for both of them. They concern the language in use, intertextual connections and particular motifs. A further indication consists in the fact that the reported events of the stories lack significant resonance in the corpus of the Hebrew Bible. There are only two texts, I Sam 2,33 and Ps 52,2, which allude or refer to I Sam 22,6-23.With regard to the importance of the related events and acts this silence in the Biblical context is astonishing. Interestingly, also in the Book of Chronicles one does not find any allusions to these stories. This raises the question whether the latter were composed after the formation of the book of Chronicles.

High-density sex-specific linkage maps of a European tree frog (Hyla arborea) identify the sex chromosome without information on offspring sex.

Identifying homology between sex chromosomes of different species is essential to understanding the evolution of sex determination. Here, we show that the identity of a homomorphic sex chromosome pair can be established using a linkage map, without information on offspring sex. By comparing sex-specific maps of the European tree frog Hyla arborea, we find that the sex chromosome (linkage group 1) shows a threefold difference in marker number between the male and female maps. In contrast, the number of markers on each autosome is similar between the two maps. We also find strongly conserved synteny between H. arborea and Xenopus tropicalis across 200 million years of evolution, suggesting that the rate of chromosomal rearrangement in anurans is low. Finally, we show that recombination in males is greatly reduced at the centers of large chromosomes, consistent with previous cytogenetic findings. Our research shows the importance of high-density linkage maps for studies of recombination, chromosomal rearrangement and the genetic architecture of ecologically or economically important traits.

Evolution et ampleur de la violence parmi les jeunes : résultats d'une étude comparative entre les cantons de Vaud et de Zurich : rapport dans le cadre du programme nationale Jeunes et violence

La violence parmi les jeunes est un thème récurrent dans les médias qui suscite de nombreuses inquiétudes dans la population. Les enquêtes standardisées répétées auprès des jeunes sur la violence qu'ils ont expérimentée, en tant qu'auteurs ou victimes, constituent une source précieuse de données pour étudier l'évolution de ce phénomène ainsi que d'autres formes de délinquance et de comportements à risque. Elles permettent également de décrire et de mieux comprendre les contextes dans lesquels les incidents violent se produisent et quelles sont les causes potentielles du passage à l'acte. Ces enquêtes sont un moyen efficace de dresser un état des lieux qui va bien au-delà de ce que peuvent montrer les statistiques officielles de la police et de la justice. En vue des enquêtes de 2014, les méthodologies des deux études cantonales ont été harmonisées de manière à augmenter les possibilités de comparaison. Ce processus d'harmonisation ainsi que la présente étude comparative ont été financés par l'Office fédéral des assurances sociales (OFAS). Par ailleurs, les habitudes des jeunes ayant évolué au cours des dix dernières années, un certain nombre de comportements ont été intégrés dans les questionnaires vaudois et zurichois de 2014, comme le cyber-harcèlement et la violence au sein des jeunes couples. La présente étude cherche à répondre à deux questions fondamentales : 1. Comment la violence parmi les jeunes ainsi que ses contextes et facteurs de risque ont-ils évolué ces dernières années ? 2. Quelles similarités et différences trouvons-nous entre les cantons de Vaud et de Zurich en 2014 ? Par conséquent, l'étude est divisée en deux parties : la première traite de l'évolution de la violence et d'autres problèmes comportementaux entre 1999 (Zurich) respectivement 2004 (Lausanne) et 2014 chez les jeunes habitants la ville de Lausanne ou de Zurich ; la seconde partie dresse le portrait de la situation en 2014 dans les cantons de Vaud et de Zurich. Pour des raisons d'échantillonnage les analyses dans le temps sont limitées à des comparaisons inter-villes plutôt qu'inter-cantonales.

Sex Determination: Separate Sexes Are a Double Turnoff in Melons.

Flowers with only one sexual function typically result from the developmental suppression of the other. A recent study that shows how this is achieved has important implications for models of the evolution of separate sexes in plants.