Collective decision making in a heterogeneous environment: Lasius niger colonies preferentially forage at easy to learn locations

Many ants forage in complex environments and use a combination of trail pheromone information and route memory to navigate between food sources and the nest. Previous research has shown that foraging routes differ in how easily they are learned. In particular, it is easier to learn feeding locations that are reached by repeating (e.g. left-left or right-right) than alternating choices (left-right or right-left) along a route with two T-bifurcations. This raises the hypothesis that the learnability of the feeding sites may influence overall colony foraging patterns. We studied this in the mass-recruiting ant Lasius niger. We used mazes with two T-bifurcations, and allowed colonies to exploit two equidistant food sources that differed in how easily their locations were learned. In experiment 1, learnability was manipulated by using repeating versus alternating routes from nest to feeder. In experiment 2, we added visual landmarks along the route to one food source. Our results suggest that colonies preferentially exploited the feeding site that was easier to learn. This was the case even if the more difficult to learn feeding site was discovered first. Furthermore, we show that these preferences were at least partly caused by lower error rates (experiment 1) and greater foraging speeds (experiment 2) of foragers visiting the more easily learned feeder locations. Our results indicate that the learnability of feeding sites is an important factor influencing collective foraging patterns of ant colonies under more natural conditions, given that in natural environments foragers often face multiple bifurcations on their way to food sources.

Training primary care physicians in shared decision making for colorectal cancer screening : Insights from the first statewide colorectal cancer screening program in Switzerland

Background: The State of Vaud has launched the first population-based, organized, colorectal cancer screening program in Switzerland for the population aged 50 to 69. Each primary care physician (PCP) has been invited to participate in an interactive session preparing them to enroll patients in the screening program. We aimed at testing the impact of an interactive seminar for PCPs on their intention to discuss the options of no screening, screening with the fecal-immunological test (FIT) and colonoscopy. We measured attitude, intentions and knowledge through questionnaires filled by PCPs before and after a 2.5 hour-long interactive seminar. The main outcome was the proportion of physicians foreseeing to offer coloscopy vs FIT on an equal basis. Physicians estimated the proportion of their patients prescribed a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) vs coloscopy over the months before the seminar and after the interactive seminar. We used a clinical vignette to test for knowledge about screening indications. The interactive seminar included powerpoint presentations with quizzes and clickers, an 8-minute video presenting a shared decision making (SDM) consultation around CRC screening and distribution of educational materials such as a SDM decision aid and background epidemiological information.

An innovative and shared methodology for event reconstruction using images in forensic science

This study presents an innovative methodology for forensic science image analysis for event reconstruction. The methodology is based on experiences from real cases. It provides real added value to technical guidelines such as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and enriches the community of practices at stake in this field. This bottom-up solution outlines the many facets of analysis and the complexity of the decision-making process. Additionally, the methodology provides a backbone for articulating more detailed and technical procedures and SOPs. It emerged from a grounded theory approach; data from individual and collective interviews with eight Swiss and nine European forensic image analysis experts were collected and interpreted in a continuous, circular and reflexive manner. Throughout the process of conducting interviews and panel discussions, similarities and discrepancies were discussed in detail to provide a comprehensive picture of practices and points of view and to ultimately formalise shared know-how. Our contribution sheds light on the complexity of the choices, actions and interactions along the path of data collection and analysis, enhancing both the researchers' and participants' reflexivity.

Image Resilience after Multiple Crises : The Case of Switzerland in the United States

In der heutigen Welt sind die Reputation und das Image eines Landes als wichtige Faktoren für den wirtschaftlichen und politischen Erfolg angesehen. Jedoch ist die Pflege der Marke eines Landes komplex und führt zu zwei Positionen, die sich potentiell widersprechen: Einerseits kann ein positives Erscheinungsbild eines Landes durch aktive Massnahmen gefördert werden. Andererseits ist es schwierig, das Bild eines Landes abzugrenzen und es ist mit Klischees behaftet. Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Auswirkungen von zwei grösseren Krisen auf das Image der Schweiz in den Vereinigten Staaten: die Krise um die nachrichtenlosen Vermögen aus der Zeit des 2. Weltkriegs im Jahr 2000 sowie die Krise um die UBS und das Bankgeheimnis im Jahr 2009. Die Studie zeigt, dass das Erscheinungsbild der Schweiz unberührt blieb, obwohl ein beachtlicher Teil der Bevölkerung und der Meinungsführer von beiden Krisen wusste. Dies stützt die Hypothese, dass das Image eines Landes eine hohe Beständigkeit aufweist. In today's world, country's reputation and image have become key issues, widely believed to be success factors both economically and politically. Nevertheless, managing a country's brand is complex and leads to two positions that are potentially contradictory: On the one hand, a country's image can be influenced either by promotional activities. On the other hand, a country's image is a construct that is very difficult to delimit and is highly stereotyped. This contribution study the impact of two major crises on the image of Switzerland in the United States: the unclaimed wartime deposits crisis in 2000 and the UBS and banking secrecy crisis in 2009. It shows that despite the fact that a substantial proportion of the public and of opinion leaders was aware of both crises, the image of Switzerland was unaffected, which tends to support the hypothesis of strong stability of a country's image.

Diagnosis by imaging : the case of textbooks of diseases of the nervous system (1850-1920)

Les traités scientifiques ne font que depuis peu d'années l'objet d'études en histoire des sciences. Pourtant, ces traités ont énormément à apporter car ils renseignent sur la manière de raisonner des auteurs, ainsi que sur le développement d'une discipline. Dans ce travail de doctorat, différents traités des maladies du système nerveux ont été dépouillés, notamment le traité de Sémiologie des affections du système nerveux (1914) de Jules Dejerine (1849-1917). Ce traité a été analysé de trois manières différentes. Il a tout d'abord été comparé à une édition précédente publiée sous forme de chapitre (1901), révélant un large remodelage du contenu du traité, suggérant une évolution rapide de la discipline neurologique en l'espace de quelques années. Deuxièmement, l'analyse de la Sémiologie a permis de recréer un réseau de professionnels avec qui Jules Dejerine était en contact et, en parcourant les livres publiés par ces auteurs, il a été possible de décrire de quelle manière ces auteurs se citent mutuellement. Finalement, ces livres contiennent de nombreuses illustrations, qui sont associées à la notion de « preuve » : les auteurs utilisent des images sous forme de dessins, de photographies ou de schémas qui illustrent des patients ou des pièces anatomiques pour « montrer » la maladie ou la lésion. Chaque illustration a un rôle à jouer pour décrire la lésion, montrer la progression de la maladie et elle aide le médecin à poser le diagnostic. Grâce à ces trois axes de recherche, un traité devient un outil de travail dynamique, qui évolue au fil des rééditions, influencé par les critiques et commentaires retrouvés dans d'autres traités et articles, et par les progrès accomplis dans la discipline traitée. Des, passages et certaines images de l'ouvrage circulent également de traité en traité et véhiculent l'autorité de l'auteur de ces passages et images qui en viennent à représenter la maladie. Ce transfert d'images joue également un rôle dans la standardisation du diagnostic et dans l'unification de la neurologie à travers le monde occidental au début du XXe siècle, une période charnière pour l'histoire de la médecine. -- Au début du XXe siècle, la neurologie est une jeune spécialité médicale qui se développe rapidement. Les différents médecins publient des traités, communiquent entre eux et échangent leurs données. Un traité scientifique est un outil de travail dynamique qui évolue avec les rééditions et le développement d'une discipline. Ces ouvrages recèlent toutes sortes d'informations et leur analyse ne fait que depuis peu de temps l'objet d'études en histoire des sciences. Ces traités regorgent notamment d'illustrations qui sont associées à la notion de « preuve » : les auteurs utilisent des images sous forme de dessins, de photographies ou de schémas qui représentent des patients ou des pièces anatomiques afin de « montrer » la maladie ou la lésion. Chaque illustration a un rôle à jouer pour décrire la pathologie, montrer la progression de la maladie et elle aide le médecin à poser le diagnostic. Les auteurs des traités, qui viennent d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord, se citent mutuellement, permettant au lecteur de recréer leur réseau de professionnels au niveau international. De plus, comme ces auteurs réutilisent les observations et les illustrations des autres, celles-ci circulent de traité en traité et en viennent à représenter la maladie. Ce transfert d'images joue également un rôle dans la standardisation du diagnostic et dans l'unification de la neurologie à travers le monde occidental au début du XXe siècle, une période charnière pour l'histoire de la médecine. -- Until recently, the study of textbooks has been neglected in the history of the sciences. However, textbooks can provide fruitful sources of information regarding the way authors work and the development of a particular discipline. This dissertation reviews editions of a single textbook, the Sémiologie des affections du système nerveux (1914) by Jules Dejerine (1849-1917). This textbook enabled the description of three axes of research. Firstly, by comparing the book to a first edition published as a chapter, one can acknowledge an extensive remodeling of the content of the book, suggesting a vast increase in knowledge over time. Secondly, by looking at the authors that Dejerine quotes repeatedly, it becomes possible to recreate his professional network, to review the works of these authors and to determine how they cross-reference each other. Thirdly, these textbooks contain numerous medical illustrations, which are linked with the concept of "proof;" the authors demonstrate a willingness to "show" the lesion or the pathology by publishing an image. Drawings, schematic representations, radiographies, or photographs of patients or of anatomical preparations all have their own purpose in describing the lesion and the progression of the disease. They assist in the diagnosis of the pathology. By looking at all of these aspects, it is therefore possible to conclude that a neurological textbook is a dynamic object that evolves through re-editions, comments and references found in other textbooks and by the circulations of parts of these books, such as the images. The illustrations also carry the author's authority, since their ongoing use claims that the work by the owner of the image has been endorsed by others. At the same time, it validates the borrowers' arguments. By using medical illustrations from different authors worldwide, the authors are also making a claim to a common language, to a similar way of examining patients, and about how much they depend on medical imagery to prove their points. In that sense, by focusing upon these textbooks, one can affirm that neurology already existed as a worldwide specialty at the turn of the twentieth century. Much more than mere accompaniments to the text, images were of paramount importance to the unification of neurology.

Cooperation versus competition effects on information sharing and use in group decision making

Information processing in groups has long been seen as a cooperative process. In contrast with this assumption, group members were rarely found to behave cooperatively: They withhold unshared information and stick to initial incorrect decisions. In the present article, we examined how group members' cooperative and competitivemotives impact on group information processing and propose that information sharing and use in groups could be seen as strategic behavior. We reviewed the latest developments in the literature investigating different forms of strategic information processing and their underlying mechanisms. This review suggests that explicit cooperative goals are needed for effective group decision-making.

Indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children with congenital and acquired heart disease: an expert consensus paper of the Imaging Working Group of the AEPC and the Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Section of the EACVI.

This article provides expert opinion on the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in young patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and in specific clinical situations. As peculiar challenges apply to imaging children, paediatric aspects are repeatedly discussed. The first section of the paper addresses settings and techniques, including the basic sequences used in paediatric CMR, safety, and sedation. In the second section, the indication, application, and clinical relevance of CMR in the most frequent CHD are discussed in detail. In the current era of multimodality imaging, the strengths of CMR are compared with other imaging modalities. At the end of each chapter, a brief summary with expert consensus key points is provided. The recommendations provided are strongly clinically oriented. The paper addresses not only imagers performing CMR, but also clinical cardiologists who want to know which information can be obtained by CMR and how to integrate it in clinical decision-making.