Alcohol Brief Intervention in Primary Care: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the evidence of the effectiveness of brief interventions aimed at reducing chronic alcohol use and harm related to alcohol consumption, conducted among individuals actively attending primary care but who were not seeking help for alcohol problems. METHODS: Randomised trials reporting at-least one outcome related to alcohol consumption and conducted in outpatients who were actively attending primary care centre or provider were selected using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ISI Web of Science, ETOH database, and bibliographies of the retrieved references and previous reviews. Selection and data abstraction were performed independently and in duplicate. We assessed validity of the studies and performed a meta-analysis for studies reporting alcohol consumption at 6 or 12 months follow up. RESULTS: We included 24 reports, reporting results of 19 trials and including 5,639 individuals. Seventeen trials reported a measure of alcohol consumption, eight reporting a significant effect of intervention. The meta-analysis showed a mean pooled difference of -41 (95% CI: −54; −28) g of pure ethanol per week in favour of brief intervention group. Evidences for other outcomes (laboratory values, health related quality of life, morbidity and mortality, health care utilisation) were inconclusive. CONCLUSION: Our systematic review indicated that brief intervention might be effective for both men and women in reducing alcohol consumption compared to a controlled intervention, in a primary health care population. The meta-analysis confirmed the reduction in alcohol consumption at 6 and 12 month. Further research should precise the components of effectiveness of brief intervention and the evidence of effects on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life related outcomes.

Clinician characteristics, communication, and patient outcome in oncology: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review the literature on clinician characteristics influencing patient-clinician communication or patient outcome in oncology. METHODS: Studies investigating the association of clinician characteristics with quality of communication and with outcome for adult cancer patients were systematically searched in MEDLINE, PSYINFO, PUBMED, EMBASE, CINHAL, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library up to November 2012. We used the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement to guide our review. Articles were extracted independently by two of the authors using predefined criteria. RESULTS: Twenty seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Clinician characteristics included a variety of sociodemographic, relational, and personal characteristics. A positive impact on quality of communication and/or patient outcome was reported for communication skills training, an external locus of control, empathy, a socioemotional approach, shared decision-making style, higher anxiety, and defensiveness. A negative impact was reported for increased level of fatigue and burnout and expression of worry. Professional experience of clinicians was not related to communication and/or to patient outcome, and divergent results were reported for clinician gender, age, stress, posture, and confidence or self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Various clinician characteristics have different effects on quality of communication and/or patient outcome. Research is needed to investigate the pathways leading to effective communication between clinicians and patients. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ageing prisoners' health care: analysing the legal settings in Europe and the United States.

BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the current health care situation and the legal rights of ageing prisoners worldwide. To date, only a few studies have investigated their rights to health care. However, elderly prisoners need special attention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to critically review the health care situation of older prisoners by analysing the relevant national and international legal frameworks with a particular focus on Switzerland, England and Wales, and the United States (U.S.). METHODS: Publications on legal frameworks were searched using Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, HeinOnline, and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Searches utilizing combinations of keywords relating to ageing prisoners were performed. Relevant reports and policy documents were obtained in order to understand the legal settings in Switzerland, England and Wales, and the U.S. All articles, reports, and policy documents published in English and German between 1774 to June 2012 were included for analysis. Using a comparative approach, an outline was completed to distinguish positive policies in this area. Regulatory approaches were investigated through evaluations of soft laws applicable in Europe and U.S. Supreme Court judgements. RESULTS: Even though several documents could be interpreted as guaranteeing adequate health care for ageing prisoners, there is no specific regulation that addresses this issue completely. The Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing contributes the most by providing an in-depth analysis of the health care needs of older persons. Still, critical analysis of retrieved documents reveals the lack of specific legislation regarding the health care for ageing prisoners. CONCLUSION: No consistent regulation delineates the provision of health care for ageing prisoners. Neither national nor international institutions have enforceable laws that secure the precarious situation of older adults in prisons. To initiate a change, this work presents critical issues that must be addressed to protect the right to health care and well-being of ageing prisoners. Additionally, it is important to design legal structures and guidelines which acknowledge and accommodate the needs of ageing prisoners.

Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify specific major congenital malformations associated with use of carbamazepine in the first trimester of pregnancy. DESIGN: A review of all published cohort studies to identify key indications and a population based case-control study to test these indications. SETTING: Review of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for papers about carbamazepine exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy and specific malformations, and the EUROCAT Antiepileptic Study Database, including data from 19 European population based congenital anomaly registries, 1995-2005. PARTICIPANTS: The literature review covered eight cohort studies of 2680 pregnancies with carbamazepine monotherapy exposure, and the EUROCAT dataset included 98 075 registrations of malformations covering over 3.8 million births. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall prevalence for a major congenital malformation after exposure to carbamazepine monotherapy in the first trimester. Odds ratios for malformations with exposure to carbamazepine among cases (five types of malformation identified in the literature review) compared with two groups of controls: other non-chromosomal registrations of malformations and chromosomal syndromes. RESULTS: The literature review yielded an overall prevalence for a major congenital malformation of 3.3% (95% confidence interval 2.7 to 4.2) after exposure to carbamazepine monotherapy in the first trimester. In 131 registrations of malformations, the fetus had been exposed to carbamazepine monotherapy. Spina bifida was the only specific major congenital malformation significantly associated with exposure to carbamazepine monotherapy (odds ratio 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 5.3) compared with no antiepileptic drug), but the risk was smaller for carbamazepine than for valproic acid (0.2, 0.1 to 0.6). There was no evidence for an association with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (no cases with carbamazepine exposure), cleft lip (with or without palate) (0.2, 0.0 to 1.3), diaphragmatic hernia (0.9, 0.1 to 6.6), or hypospadias (0.7, 0.3 to 1.6) compared with no exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Further exploratory analysis suggested a higher risk of single ventricle and atrioventricular septal defect. CONCLUSION: Carbamazepine teratogenicity is relatively specific to spina bifida, though the risk is less than with valproic acid. Despite the large dataset, there was not enough power to detect moderate risks for some rare major congenital malformations.

Supervised injection services : what has been demonstrated? : a systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Supervised injection services (SISs) have been developed to promote safer drug injection practices, enhance health-related behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), and connect PWID with external health and social services. Nevertheless, SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking. AIMS: To systematically collect and synthesize the currently available evidence regarding SIS-induced benefits and harm. METHODS: A systematic review was performed via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases using the keyword algorithm [("SUPERVISED" OR "SAFER") AND ("INJECTION" OR "INJECTING" OR "SHOOTING" OR "CONSUMPTION") AND ("FACILITY" OR "FACILITIES" OR "ROOM" OR "GALLERY" OR "CENTRE" OR "SITE")]. RESULTS: Seventy-five relevant articles were found. All studies converged to find that SISs were efficacious in attracting the most marginalized PWID, promoting safer injection conditions, enhancing access to primary health care, and reducing the overdose frequency. SISs were not found to increase drug injecting, drug trafficking or crime in the surrounding environments. SISs were found to be associated with reduced levels of public drug injections and dropped syringes. Of the articles, 85% originated from Vancouver or Sydney. CONCLUSION: SISs have largely fulfilled their initial objectives without enhancing drug use or drug trafficking. Almost all of the studies found in this review were performed in Canada or Australia, whereas the majority of SISs are located in Europe. The implementation of new SISs in places with high rates of injection drug use and associated harms appears to be supported by evidence.

Supervised injection services : what has been demonstrated? A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Supervised injection services (SISs) have been developed to promote safer drug injection practices, enhance health-related behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), and connect PWID with external health and social services. Nevertheless, SISs have also been accused of fostering drug use and drug trafficking. AIMS: To systematically collect and synthesize the currently available evidence regarding SIS-induced benefits and harm. METHODS: A systematic review was performed via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases using the keyword algorithm [("supervised" or "safer") and ("injection" or "injecting" or "shooting" or "consumption") and ("facility" or "facilities" or "room" or "gallery" or "centre" or "site")]. RESULTS: Seventy-five relevant articles were found. All studies converged to find that SISs were efficacious in attracting the most marginalized PWID, promoting safer injection conditions, enhancing access to primary health care, and reducing the overdose frequency. SISs were not found to increase drug injecting, drug trafficking or crime in the surrounding environments. SISs were found to be associated with reduced levels of public drug injections and dropped syringes. Of the articles, 85% originated from Vancouver or Sydney. CONCLUSION: SISs have largely fulfilled their initial objectives without enhancing drug use or drug trafficking. Almost all of the studies found in this review were performed in Canada or Australia, whereas the majority of SISs are located in Europe. The implementation of new SISs in places with high rates of injection drug use and associated harms appears to be supported by evidence.

Le déni de grossesse: étude rétrospective au CHUV

Ne réaliser que l'on est enceinte seulement lors de l'accouchement ? N'avoir aucun ou peu des symptômes habituels de la grossesse ? Ce phénomène étonnant appelé déni de grossesse (DG) existe et n'est pas aussi rare que l'on pourrait le penser1. Dans la littérature, la plupart des articles mentionnent une prévalence de 2 à 3 cas pour 1000 accouchements2. Le DG n'a pas une définition considérée comme universelle, mais globalement nous pouvons le définir comme étant la « non-reconnaissance d'une grossesse au-delà du premier trimestre, qui peut se prolonger jusqu'à l'accouchement et recouvrir ce dernier»2, nous parlons respectivement, à partir de 14 semaines d'aménorrhée, de déni partiel et total. Bien que les dénis partiels soient plus fréquents que les dénis totaux, ces derniers sont les plus impressionnants. Dans la population générale ainsi qu'au sein des professionnels de la santé ce phénomène est encore considéré comme « impossible », il reste incompris ou est, de façon présumée, lié à des causes bien spécifiques comme par exemple un très jeune âge, une origine étrangère ou un bas niveau social. Realising you're pregnant only while giving birth ? Having no or few of the usual symptoms of pregnancy? This strange phenomenon exists and is called denial of pregnancy, and it's not as rare as one might think1. Most research articles mention a prevalence of 2-3 cases per 1000 births2. Denial of pregnancy doesn't have a universal definition, but can be defined as the « unawareness of a pregnancy after the first trimester, which can last until and even through birth »2. We will therefore subsequently speak of partial or complete denial. While partial denial is more frequent than complete denial, the latter is the most impressive. Among general population and professionals, this phenomenon is still considered as «impossible», keeps beeing misunderstood or is attributed to specific causes, such as younger age, foreign nationality or low socioeconomic status. A better understanding of this phenomenon would allow us to improve the care of the women affected. Objectifs : 1. Définir la terminologie et l'entité « déni de grossesse ». 2. Réaliser une étude rétrospective à partir des archives médicales du CHUV afin d'analyser le phénomène en fonction de plusieurs caractéristiques bien définies puis comparer les résultats obtenus avec la littérature. Méthodes : Il s'est agit d'effectuer une revue de littérature à partir de recherches au centre de documentation et planning familial de Genève, dans les bases de données informatiques telles que PubMed/MedLine, SAPHIR, Web of Science ainsi que de la lecture de plusieurs livres (cf. Bibliographie). Nous avons parcouru non seulement les archives papier mais surtout les archives électroniques des dossiers des patientes admises pour un diagnostic de DG partiel ou total (ou de grossesse méconnue/ non suivie) dans le service de gynécologie-obstétrique (DGO) du CHUV entre 1999 et 2012. A partir du recueil de données, nous avons analysé la répartition du DG en fonction de plusieurs paramètres tels que la classe d'âge, le milieu social, les éventuelles grossesses antérieures, la réaction de la famille en particulier du partenaire/mari ainsi que l'évolution ou l'issue de ces situations cliniques. La documentation à disposition n'a permis qu'une recherche de cas dans les dossiers d'obstétrique. Cette approche ne tient ainsi pas compte des DG qui se sont soldées par une interruption de grossesse ou un avortement spontané du 2e trimestre. Nous avons étudié uniquement les DG dont les grossesses ont aboutit à un accouchement. Résultats : Le déni de grossesse s'est révélé être un phénomène fréquent aussi au CHUV avec une prévalence de 2 pour 1000 naissances. Les DG partiels (90%) ont été plus fréquents que les DG totaux (10%). Les adolescentes représentaient une minorité des patientes (7%). En moyenne, les femmes étaient âgées de 27 ans ; elles ont découvert leur grossesse aux allentours de la 25ème semaine d'aménorrhée (SA) en moyenne et étaient en majorité de nationalité étrangère (68%) ce qui ne diffère pas des proportions habituellement retrouvées dans les consultations obstétricales au sein du CHUV. Les enfants nés suite à un DG avaient un poids et une taille dans la norme avec une moyenne de 2934.7 grammes et une taille moyenne de 47.5 centimètres. Nous notons une prise pondérale d'en moyenne 11 kilogrammes et une augmentation du BMI de 5 points par rapport au BMI habituel. Seule une minorité de patientes consommaient activement ou avouent avoir consommé des substances illicites durant la grossesse (17%). Le tabac est le toxique le plus consommé (44%). Les patientes viennent de tous les milieux socio-économiques, bien qu'une part importante travaille dans le secteur tertiaire. Les femmes n'habitent généralement pas seules, ce qui prouve que le DG peut être « contagieux ». La plupart (62%) sont hospitalisées durant le même nombre de jours que les patientes qui ne font pas de DG, soit habituellement entre 4 et 5 jours. Le service de divers spécialistes comme les pédopsychiatres, les sages-femmes conseillères en périnatalité, le service social ou d'autres professionnels de santé a systématiquement été sollicité afin de répondre au mieux aux besoins des patientes en adaptant chaque situation au cas par cas en fonction des éventuelles demandes de la patiente ainsi que de l'évaluation clinique. Conclusion: Le DG n'a pas encore une définition claire considérée comme universelle, bien que ce terme soit utilisé depuis 1970 dans la pratique médicale courante. Les résultats de notre étude correspondent globalement aux résultats de la littérature. De manière générale, force est de constater qu'il n'y a pas de caractéristiques propres aux femmes victimes de DG que ce soit dans notre étude ou dans la littérature, ce qui nous empêche de dresser le portrait exact d'une personne à risque et ainsi prévenir de futurs cas.  La prise en charge s'est systématiquement déroulée en collaboration avec une équipe multidisciplinaire. Connaître les circonstances du DG permettrait d'éviter toute stigmatisation et mauvaise prise en charge. Nous ne pouvons pas espérer prévenir totalement le DG mais nous pouvons limiter ses conséquences. Une façon de le faire serait d'amener ce phénomène à la connaissance de tous, qu'ils soient des professionnels de la santé ou non. Pour les médecins, il s'agit de considérer une telle possibilité face à une femme en âge de procréer qui consulte pour des douleurs abdominales ou l'apparition d'autres symptômes liés habituellement à une grossesse comme par exemple les nausées, une prise de poids avec ou sans aménorrhée. Le DG est une expérience souvent traumatique. L'issue n'est pas nécessairement dramatique ni pour la mère, l'enfant, le géniteur ou l'entourage. Plus la découverte se fait tôt dans la grossesse plus il reste de temps pour l'encadrement et l'acceptation de celle-ci.