Troponin-based risk stratification of patients with acute nonmassive pulmonary embolism: systematic review and metaanalysis.

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the usefulness of troponin testing for the risk stratification of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). We conducted an updated systematic review and a metaanalysis of troponin-based risk stratification of normotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE. The sources of our data were publications listed in Medline and Embase from 1980 through April 2008 and a review of cited references in those publications. METHODS: We included all studies that estimated the relation between troponin levels and the incidence of all-cause mortality in normotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE. Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed study quality. From the literature search, 596 publications were screened. Nine studies that consisted of 1,366 normotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE were deemed eligible. Pooled results showed that elevated troponin levels were associated with a 4.26-fold increased odds of overall mortality (95% CI, 2.13 to 8.50; heterogeneity chi(2) = 12.64; degrees of freedom = 8; p = 0.125). Summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed a relationship between the sensitivity and specificity of troponin levels to predict overall mortality (Spearman rank correlation coefficient = 0.68; p = 0.046). Pooled likelihood ratios (LRs) were not extreme (negative LR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.39 to 0.88]; positive LR, 2.26 [95% CI, 1.66 to 3.07]). The Begg rank correlation method did not detect evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this metaanalysis indicate that elevated troponin levels do not adequately discern normotensive patients with acute symptomatic PE who are at high risk for death from those who are at low risk for death.

Growth and demise of Permian biogenic chert along northwest Pangea: evidence for end-Permian collapse of thermohaline circulation

The Permian Chert Event (PCE) was a 30 Ma long episode of unusual chert accumulation along the northwest margin of Pangea, and possibly worldwide. The onset of the PCE occurred at about the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary in the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic, where it coincides with a maximum flooding event, the ending of high-frequency/high-amplitude shelf cyclicity, the onset of massive biogenic chert deposition in deep-water distal areas, and a long-term shift from warm- to cool-water carbonate sedimentation in shallow-water proximal areas. A similar and coeval shift is observed from the Barents Sea to the northwestern USA. A landward and southward expansion of silica factories occurred during the Middle and Late Permian at which time warm-water carbonate producers disappeared completely from the northwest margin of Pangea. Biotically impoverished and increasingly narrow cold-water carbonate factories (characterised by non-cemented bioclasts of sponges, bryozoans, echinoderms and brachiopods) were then progressively replaced by silica factories. By Late Permian time, little carbonate sediments accumulated in the Barents Sea and in the Sverdrup Basin. where the deep- to shallow-water sedimentary spectrum was occupied by siliceous sponge spicules. By that time, biogenic silica sedimentation was common throughout the world. Silica factories collapsed in the Late Permian, abruptly bringing the PCE to an end. In northwest Pangea, the end- Permian collapse of the PCE was associated with a major transgression and with a return to much warmer oceanic and continental climatic conditions. Chert deposition resumed in the distal oceanic areas during the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) after a 8-10 Ma interruption (Early Triassic Chert Gap). The conditions necessary for the onset, expansion and zenith of the PCE were provided by the thermohaline circulation of nutrient-rich cold waters along the northwestern and western margin of Pangea, and possibly throughout the world oceans. These conditions provided an efficient transportation mechanism that constantly replenished the supply of silica in the area, created a nutrient- and oxygen-rich environment favouring siliceous biogenic productivity. established cold sea-floor conditions, hindering silica dissolution, while increasing calcium carbonate solubility, and provided conditions adverse to organic and inorganic carbonate production, The northwest margin of Pangea was, for nearly 30 Ma. bathed by cold waters presumably derived from the seasonal melting of northern sea ice, the assumed engine for thermohaline circulation. This process started near the Sakmarian-Artinskian boundary. intensified throughout Middle and Late Permian time and ceased suddenly in latest Permian time, It led to oceanic conditions much colder than normally expected from the palaeolatitudes. and the influence of cold northerly-derived water was felt as far south southern Nevada. The demise of silica factories was caused by the rapid breakdown of these conditions and the establishment of a much warmer marine environment accompanied by sluggish circulation and perhaps a reduced input of dissolved silica to the ocean. Complete thawing of northern sea ice would have ended thermohaline circulation and led to warm and sluggish oceanic conditions inimical to the production. accumulation and preservation of biogenic silica.

PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status is the key prognostic molecular marker in rhabdomyosarcoma and significantly improves current risk stratification.

PURPOSE: To improve the risk stratification of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) through the use of clinical and molecular biologic data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two independent data sets of gene-expression profiling for 124 and 101 patients with RMS were used to derive prognostic gene signatures by using a meta-analysis. These and a previously published metagene signature were evaluated by using cross validation analyses. A combined clinical and molecular risk-stratification scheme that incorporated the PAX3/FOXO1 fusion gene status was derived from 287 patients with RMS and evaluated. RESULTS: We showed that our prognostic gene-expression signature and the one previously published performed well with reproducible and significant effects. However, their effect was reduced when cross validated or tested in independent data and did not add new prognostic information over the fusion gene status, which is simpler to assay. Among nonmetastatic patients, patients who were PAX3/FOXO1 positive had a significantly poorer outcome compared with both alveolar-negative and PAX7/FOXO1-positive patients. Furthermore, a new clinicomolecular risk score that incorporated fusion gene status (negative and PAX3/FOXO1 and PAX7/FOXO1 positive), Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study TNM stage, and age showed a significant increase in performance over the current risk-stratification scheme. CONCLUSION: Gene signatures can improve current stratification of patients with RMS but will require complex assays to be developed and extensive validation before clinical application. A significant majority of their prognostic value was encapsulated by the fusion gene status. A continuous risk score derived from the combination of clinical parameters with the presence or absence of PAX3/FOXO1 represents a robust approach to improving current risk-adapted therapy for RMS.

De la stratification sociale à la mobilité : une analyse du positionnement professionnel perçu

Avant-propos : De nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur les inégalités factuelles des structures sociales, comprenant aussi bien l'aspect statique de la stratification sociale que l'aspect dynamique de la mobilité sociale (voir par exemple Levy et Suter, 2002, Lemel, 1991, Erikson et Goldthorpe, 1992, Esping-Andersen, 1993). Par contre, les recherches portant sur la perception, par les acteurs, des inégalités des structures sociales sont en comparaison peu nombreuses en ce qui concerne les représentations de la stratification sociale (Levy et al., 1997, Lorenzi-Cioldi et Joye, 1988, Coxon, Davies et Jones, 1986, Zwicky, 1989) et presque inexistantes dans le cas des représentations de la mobilité sociale (Attias-Donfut et Wolff, 2001). La présente recherche se propose d'étudier simultanément la perception de la stratification sociale et de la mobilité sociale intragénérationnelle par les acteurs en intégrant le caractère multidimensionnel du système d'inégalités. Elle défend la thèse fondamentale d'une double origine des inégalités perçues, qui participeraient à la fois d'aspects macrosociaux et mésosociaux de la stratification sociale, les premiers portant sur la structure sociale dans son ensemble, les seconds sur une partie seulement de celle-ci (voir par exemple Kelley et Evans, 1995, Levy, 2002). Dans une perspective systémique, on se trouverait, à côté de la structure macrosociale, en présence de sous-systèmes mésosociaux, de portée restreinte. La perception de la stratification sociale dépendrait alors du cadre de référence adopté par les acteurs, selon qu'il porte sur le système dans son ensemble ou sur un sous-système. Un des objectifs de cette recherche sera d'établir que la pertinence des cadres de référence macrosocial et mésosocial est étroitement liée à la lecture statique ou dynamique de la stratification sociale. Dans le cas statique, celui du positionnement, les représentations sociales s'articuleraient autour des inégalités macrosociales, tenant compte du système dans son ensemble, tandis que dans le cas dynamique, celui de la mobilité ou de l'évolution du positionnement, les inégalités mésosociales, propres aux sous-systèmes, l'emporteraient. D'une part, la perception du positionnement social dépendrait de l'insertion de l'acteur dans la structure sociale, comprise dans son ensemble, et reproduirait les inégalités factuelles macrosociales, telles qu'elles apparaissent par exemple au travers des catégories socioprofessionnelles. D'autre part, la perception du parcours de mobilité ? conservation, amélioration ou dégradation de la position perçue ? resterait indépendante des changements macrosociaux de l'insertion, mais relèverait avant tout de déterminants propres à l'environnement social immédiat de l'acteur. L'environnement de l'acteur, en tant qu'il s'inscrit dans une partie restreinte de la structure sociale, permettrait de saisir les inégalités mésosociales. L'expérience, par les acteurs, de ces deux aspects de la structure sociale conduirait à la mise en place de deux types d'inégalités perçues irréductibles les unes aux autres dans la mesure où le système macrosocial et les sous-systèmes mésosociaux présentent une certaine autonomie. Cette autonomie peut être vue d'une part en rapport avec l'importance propre des organisations de nature mésosociale - en particulier les entreprises - dans les sociétés contemporaines (Sainsaulieu et Segrestin, 1986, Perrow, 1991), d'autre part en relation avec l'hétérogénéité que ces dernières induisent en termes de segmentation du marché de l'emploi (Baron et Bielby, 1980). Dans une large mesure, les organisations intermédiaires se distinguent ainsi de la structure sociale prise dans son ensemble: plutôt que de reproduire les inégalités macrosociales, elles constitueraient des systèmes d'inégalités indépendants, notamment quant à la régulation des parcours professionnels (Bertaux, 1977). Ainsi, la perception de la structure sociale ne se réduirait pas aux seuls facteurs macrosociaux, mais dépendrait, en l'absence d'un modèle d'organisation mésosocial unique, de la diversité des structures intermédiaires. On peut d'ailleurs supposer que la prise en compte des organisations mésosociales est susceptible de pallier la faiblesse des explications classiques en termes macrosociologiques, relevées par les tenants des thèses avançant le déclin du pouvoir structurant de la stratification sociale ou du travail (voir Levy, 2002 et, sur les thèses citées, par exemple Beck, 1983, Matthes, 1983, Berger et Hradil, 1990, Clark et Lipset, 1991). En effet, dans la mesure où l'acteur serait plus souvent confronté aux structures de son environnement social immédiat plutôt qu'à la structure sociale dans son ensemble, la perception pourrait dépendre en premier lieu de facteurs mésosociaux, susceptibles de supplanter ou, à tout le moins, d'atténuer l'effet des facteurs macrosociaux. Une telle approche permet de conserver une lecture structurelle de la perception du positionnement en enrichissant la relation classique entre structure macrosociale et acteur d'une composante mésosociologique, évitant ainsi le recours à une explication culturelle ad hoc Dès lors, la principale question de recherche s'adresse au lien entre structure sociale factuelle et structure sociale perçue. Dans la perspective statique du positionnement, l'effet des structures mésosociales serait tel qu'il se superposerait à la détermination macrosociale de la perception, sans pour autant subvertir la hiérarchie des positions induites par les catégories socioprofessionnelles. Dans la perspective dynamique, en revanche, les changements liés à l'insertion mésosociale peuvent l'emporter sur l'immobilité ou la mobilité définies en termes macrosociologiques. D'une part, en supposant que les plans mésosocial et macrosocial agissent de manière plus ou moins autonome sur la perception, l'amélioration, la conservation ou la dégradation de la position ne coïncide pas nécessairement selon ces deux plans. D'autre part, l'ampleur de la mobilité perçue due à l'écart entre le positionnement mésosocial passé et actuel peut dépasser celle qui est liée à la mobilité macrosociale, surtout si cette dernière est de faible distance. Le passage de la perspective statique à la perspective dynamique peut dès lors être vu comme un moyen de faire apparaître le rôle fondamental joué par les structures mésosociales au sein de la stratification sociale. L'orientation de la recherche consistera d'abord à mettre en évidence, par-delà les différences macrosociales des représentations des positions professionnelles, les variations de la perception au sein des catégories socioprofessionnelles. Ces étapes montreront, à différents égards, que les représentations se singularisent en relation avec l'insertion mésosociale de l'acteur. On verra également que la perception de la mobilité échappe à une détermination macrosociale, mais qu'elle présente une cohérence mésosociale certaine. Ces résultats, insistant sur la prise en compte des structures mésosociales, nous amèneront enfin à un examen systématique des déterminants de la perception du positionnement et du parcours de mobilité, mettant en oeuvre une variété de facteurs explicatifs dépassant un cadre d'analyse purement structurel. La recherche débute par une discussion de la place qui revient à une étude des représentations du parcours professionnel dans le champ des travaux sur la stratification et la mobilité sociale, en particulier sa justification théorique et empirique, et la formulation des hypothèses de recherche (chapitre 1). Elle se poursuit par la présentation de l'échantillonnage et des variables utilisées (chapitre 2). Le traitement des hypothèses de recherche fait l'objet de trois chapitres distincts. Chaque hypothèse s'accompagne, en plus des développements liés à son examen, d'une introduction et d'une conclusion spécifiques. Le premier (chapitre 3) porte sur la perception de la stratification sociale des positions professionnelles, le second (chapitre 4) sur la perception du parcours de mobilité et le troisième (chapitre 5) sur les déterminants sociologiques de la perception des inégalités liées au positionnement et à la mobilité professionnels. Enfin, au traitement des hypothèses fait suite la conclusion de la recherche (chapitre 6).

IFN stimulated gene expression in the liver is a better predictor of treatment response in chronic hepatitis c than the IL28b (IFN lambda 3) genotype

Background: Therapy of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with pegIFNa/ribavirin achieves sustained virologic response (SVR) in ~55%. Pre-activation of the endogenous interferon system in the liver is associated non-response (NR). Recently, genome-wide association studies described associations of allelic variants near the IL28B (IFNλ3) gene with treatment response and with spontaneous clearance of the virus. We investigated if the IL28B genotype determines the constitutive expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) in the liver of patients with CHC. Methods: We genotyped 93 patients with CHC for 3 IL28B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs12979860, rs8099917, rs12980275), extracted RNA from their liver biopsies and quantified the expression of IL28B and of 8 previously identified classifier genes which discriminate between SVR and NR (IFI44L, RSAD2, ISG15, IFI22, LAMP3, OAS3, LGALS3BP and HTATIP2). Decision tree ensembles in the form of a random forest classifier were used to calculate the relative predictive power of these different variables in a multivariate analysis. Results: The minor IL28B allele (bad risk for treatment response) was significantly associated with increased expression of ISGs, and, unexpectedly, with decreased expression of IL28B. Stratification of the patients into SVR and NR revealed that ISG expression was conditionally independent from the IL28B genotype, i.e. there was an increased expression of ISGs in NR compared to SVR irrespective of the IL28B genotype. The random forest feature score (RFFS) identified IFI27 (RFFS = 2.93), RSAD2 (1.88) and HTATIP2 (1.50) expression and the HCV genotype (1.62) as the strongest predictors of treatment response. ROC curves of the IL28B SNPs showed an AUC of 0.66 with an error rate (ERR) of 0.38. A classifier with the 3 best classifying genes showed an excellent test performance with an AUC of 0.94 and ERR of 0.15. The addition of IL28B genotype information did not improve the predictive power of the 3-gene classifier. Conclusions: IL28B genotype and hepatic ISG expression are conditionally independent predictors of treatment response in CHC. There is no direct link between altered IFNλ3 expression and pre-activation of the endogenous system in the liver. Hepatic ISG expression is by far the better predictor for treatment response than IL28B genotype.

Surveillance active du cancer de la prostate [Active surveillance in prostate cancer].

Active surveillance in prostate cancer The spread of PSA in the screening of prostate cancer has almost doubled the incidence of this disease in the last twenty years. An improved understanding of the natural history of this cancer allows for risk stratification of the disease and to better predict insignificant prostate cancer. Active surveillance has recently been proposed as a new option to delay or avoid a radical treatment for patients with low-risk disease. The principle, results and future perspectives of this treatment modality are discussed in this review.

Relationships between imatinib plasma levels and efficacy

Purpose: While imatinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), its pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships have been poorly studied. This study aimed to explore the issue in oncologic patients, and to evaluate the specific influence of the target genotype in a GIST subpopulation. Patients and methods: Data from 59 patients (321 plasma samples) were collected during a previous pharmacokinetic study. Based on a population model purposely developed, individual post-hoc Bayesian estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters were derived, and used to estimate drug exposure (AUC; area under curve). Free fraction parameters were deduced from a model incorporating plasma alpha1-acid glycoprotein levels. Associations between AUC (or clearance) and therapeutic response (coded on a 3-point scale), or tolerability (4-point scale), were explored by ordered logistic regression. Influence of KIT genotype on response was also assessed in GIST patients. Results: Total and free drug exposure correlated with the number of side effects (p < 0.005). A relationship with response was not evident in the whole patient set (with good-responders tending to receive lower doses and bad-responders higher doses). In GIST patients however, higher free drug exposure predicted better responses. A strong association was notably observed in patients harboring an exon 9 mutation or a wild type KIT, known to decrease tumor sensitivity towards imatinib (p < 0.005). Conclusions: Our results are arguments to further evaluate the potential benefit of a therapeutic monitoring program for imatinib. Our data also suggest that stratification by genotype will be important in future trials.

Embolie pulmonaire aiguë en 2012 (développements technologiques en scanner, angio-IRM).

Objectifs: Connaître les derniers développements techniques dans l'exploration de l'embolie pulmonaire aigue en imagerie (scanner et IRM). Connaître l'intérêt de la probabilité clinique pré-test dans l'indication de l'imagerie. Savoir faire une interprétation intégrée du scanner dans de l'embolie pulmonaire aiguë. Connaître chez les particularités de réalisation d'un examen chez la femme enceinte. Messages à retenir: Le scanner reste indiqué si les D-dimers sont négatifs et la probabilité clinique pré-test d'une embolie pulmonaire aiguë est élevée. Le scanner a une valeur diagnostique mais aussi une valeur pronostique dans la stratification du risque d'événement fatal chez les patients porteurs d'une embolie pulmonaire aiguë. Résumé: Durant la dernière décennie, l'imagerie en coupe s'est imposée comme moyen diagnostique incontournable dans l'embolie pulmonaire aiguë (EPA). Les nouveaux développements techniques ainsi que les récentes études ont contribué à mieux définir la valeur diagnostique du scanner et de l'IRM. En particulier, trois questions méritent d'être discutées : La probabilité clinique pré-test a-t-elle une importance dans l'indication de l'imagerie? ; (2) Faut-il synchroniser le scanner au rythme cardiaque devant une suspicion d'EPA ? ; (3) Quelles précautions faut-il prendre chez la femme enceinte ? Par ailleurs, La valeur pronostique du scanner mérite d'être connue et utilisée à bon escient.

Long-term effect of a school-based physical activity program (KISS) on fitness and adiposity in children: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: School-based intervention studies promoting a healthy lifestyle have shown favorable immediate health effects. However, there is a striking paucity on long-term follow-ups. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the 3 yr-follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled school-based physical activity program over nine month with beneficial immediate effects on body fat, aerobic fitness and physical activity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Initially, 28 classes from 15 elementary schools in Switzerland were grouped into an intervention (16 classes from 9 schools, n = 297 children) and a control arm (12 classes from 6 schools, n = 205 children) after stratification for grade (1st and 5th graders). Three years after the end of the multi-component physical activity program of nine months including daily physical education (i.e. two additional lessons per week on top of three regular lessons), short physical activity breaks during academic lessons, and daily physical activity homework, 289 (58%) participated in the follow-up. Primary outcome measures included body fat (sum of four skinfolds), aerobic fitness (shuttle run test), physical activity (accelerometry), and quality of life (questionnaires). After adjustment for grade, gender, baseline value and clustering within classes, children in the intervention arm compared with controls had a significantly higher average level of aerobic fitness at follow-up (0.373 z-score units [95%-CI: 0.157 to 0.59, p = 0.001] corresponding to a shift from the 50th to the 65th percentile between baseline and follow-up), while the immediate beneficial effects on the other primary outcomes were not sustained. CONCLUSIONS: Apart from aerobic fitness, beneficial effects seen after one year were not maintained when the intervention was stopped. A continuous intervention seems necessary to maintain overall beneficial health effects as reached at the end of the intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ControlledTrials.com ISRCTN15360785.

Clinical review: practical recommendations on the management of perioperative heart failure in cardiac surgery.

Acute cardiovascular dysfunction occurs perioperatively in more than 20% of cardiosurgical patients, yet current acute heart failure (HF) classification is not applicable to this period. Indicators of major perioperative risk include unstable coronary syndromes, decompensated HF, significant arrhythmias and valvular disease. Clinical risk factors include history of heart disease, compensated HF, cerebrovascular disease, presence of diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency and high-risk surgery. EuroSCORE reliably predicts perioperative cardiovascular alteration in patients aged less than 80 years. Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide level is an additional risk stratification factor. Aggressively preserving heart function during cardiosurgery is a major goal. Volatile anaesthetics and levosimendan seem to be promising cardioprotective agents, but large trials are still needed to assess the best cardioprotective agent(s) and optimal protocol(s). The aim of monitoring is early detection and assessment of mechanisms of perioperative cardiovascular dysfunction. Ideally, volume status should be assessed by 'dynamic' measurement of haemodynamic parameters. Assess heart function first by echocardiography, then using a pulmonary artery catheter (especially in right heart dysfunction). If volaemia and heart function are in the normal range, cardiovascular dysfunction is very likely related to vascular dysfunction. In treating myocardial dysfunction, consider the following options, either alone or in combination: low-to-moderate doses of dobutamine and epinephrine, milrinone or levosimendan. In vasoplegia-induced hypotension, use norepinephrine to maintain adequate perfusion pressure. Exclude hypovolaemia in patients under vasopressors, through repeated volume assessments. Optimal perioperative use of inotropes/vasopressors in cardiosurgery remains controversial, and further large multinational studies are needed. Cardiosurgical perioperative classification of cardiac impairment should be based on time of occurrence (precardiotomy, failure to wean, postcardiotomy) and haemodynamic severity of the patient's condition (crash and burn, deteriorating fast, stable but inotrope dependent). In heart dysfunction with suspected coronary hypoperfusion, an intra-aortic balloon pump is highly recommended. A ventricular assist device should be considered before end organ dysfunction becomes evident. Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is an elegant solution as a bridge to recovery and/or decision making. This paper offers practical recommendations for management of perioperative HF in cardiosurgery based on European experts' opinion. It also emphasizes the need for large surveys and studies to assess the optimal way to manage perioperative HF in cardiac surgery.

Dukes B colorectal cancer: distinct genetic categories and clinical outcome based on proximal or distal tumor location.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether tumor location proximal or distal to the splenic flexure is associated with distinct molecular patterns and can predict clinical outcome in a homogeneous group of patients with Dukes B (T3-T4, N0, M0) colorectal cancer. It has been hypothesized that proximal and distal colorectal cancer may arise through different pathogenetic mechanisms. Although p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations occur frequently in distal tumors, another form of genomic instability associated with defective DNA mismatch repair has been predominantly identified in the proximal colon. To date, however, the clinical usefulness of these molecular characteristics remains unproven. METHODS: A total of 126 patients with a lymph node-negative sporadic colon or rectum adenocarcinoma were prospectively assessed with the endpoint of death by cancer. No patient received either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. p53 protein was studied by immunohistochemistry using DO-7 monoclonal antibody, and p53 and Ki-ras gene mutations were detected by single strand conformation polymorphism assay. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 67 months, the overall five-year survival was 70 percent. Nuclear p53 staining was found in 57 tumors (47 percent), and was more frequent in distal than in proximal tumors (55 vs. 21 percent; chi-squared test, P < 0.001). For the whole group, p53 protein expression correlated with poor survival in univariate and multivariate analysis (log-rank test, P = 0.01; hazard ratio = 2.16; 95 percent confidence interval = 1.12-4.11, P = 0.02). Distal colon tumors and rectal tumors exhibited similar molecular patterns and showed no difference in clinical outcome. In comparison with distal colorectal cancer, proximal tumors were found to be statistically significantly different on the following factors: mucinous content (P = 0.008), degree of histologic differentiation (P = 0.012), p53 protein expression, and gene mutation (P = 0.001 and 0.01 respectively). Finally, patients with proximal tumors had a marginally better survival than those with distal colon or rectal cancers (log-rank test, P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: In this series of Dukes B colorectal cancers, p53 protein expression was an independent factor for survival, which also correlated with tumor location. Eighty-six percent of p53-positive tumors were located in the distal colon and rectum. Distal colon and rectum tumors had similar molecular and clinical characteristics. In contrast, proximal neoplasms seem to represent a distinct entity, with specific histopathologic characteristics, molecular patterns, and clinical outcome. Location of the neoplasm in reference to the splenic flexure should be considered before group stratification in future trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes B tumors.

Cost evaluation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus coronary angiography for the diagnostic work-up of coronary artery disease: Application of the European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance registry data to the German, United Kingdom, Swiss, and United States health care systems.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has favorable characteristics for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification of patients with known or suspected CAD. CMR utilization in CAD detection is growing fast. However, data on its cost-effectiveness are scarce. The goal of this study is to compare the costs of two strategies for detection of significant coronary artery stenoses in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD): 1) Performing CMR first to assess myocardial ischemia and/or infarct scar before referring positive patients (defined as presence of ischemia and/or infarct scar to coronary angiography (CXA) versus 2) a hypothetical CXA performed in all patients as a single test to detect CAD. METHODS: A subgroup of the European CMR pilot registry was used including 2,717 consecutive patients who underwent stress-CMR. From these patients, 21% were positive for CAD (ischemia and/or infarct scar), 73% negative, and 6% uncertain and underwent additional testing. The diagnostic costs were evaluated using invoicing costs of each test performed. Costs analysis was performed from a health care payer perspective in German, United Kingdom, Swiss, and United States health care settings. RESULTS: In the public sectors of the German, United Kingdom, and Swiss health care systems, cost savings from the CMR-driven strategy were 50%, 25% and 23%, respectively, versus outpatient CXA. If CXA was carried out as an inpatient procedure, cost savings were 46%, 50% and 48%, respectively. In the United States context, cost savings were 51% when compared with inpatient CXA, but higher for CMR by 8% versus outpatient CXA. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that from an economic perspective, the use of CMR should be encouraged as a management option for patients with suspected CAD.