Pancreatic trauma in children.

We identified two distinct groups of patients in the 91 documented cases of pancreatic trauma (median age 8.0 years, range 0.6-15.8 years; M:F 2.5:1.0): 59 had a history of abdominal trauma and elevated serum lipase but no CT or ultrasound evidence of pancreatic injury (Group A); 32 had a history of abdominal trauma, elevated serum lipase but also had CT scan and/or ultrasound evidence of pancreatic injury (Group B). Patients with "less severe" injury based on normal imaging had a lower initial lipase level [Group A, median 651 U/L (interquartile range 520-1,324) vs. Group B, 1,608 U/L (interquartile range 680-3,526); p = 0.005] and shorter admission time [Group A, 9.0 days (interquartile range 5.5-15.5) vs. Group B, 13.4 days (interquartile range 6.8-23.8); p = 0.04]. There were no differences with respect to mortality (Group A, 13.5% vs. Group B, 12.5%), but patients with evidence of injury on imaging were more likely to have surgical intervention (p = 0.0001). The single most important overall cause of pancreatic trauma was involvement in a motor vehicle accident as a passenger or pedestrian. However, in children with high-grade ductal injury, bicycle handlebar injuries were most common. Associated injuries were common in both groups.

Cell Therapy Assistance in Reconstructive Surgery for Musculoskeletal Tissues Following Burn and Trauma: Swiss Cellular Transplantation Platform

The sterol compositions of three oceanic jellyfish have been determined using gas chromatographic mass spectrometric techniques involving the use of two separate gas chromatographic column systems. The components in overlapping peaks have been identified by comparison of the mass spectra of peaks in the two column systems using subtractive techniques. A mid-water animal, Periphylla periphylla, was found to contain a very complex and unusual sterol profile including rare 5alpha-stanols, whereas two other oceanic jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca and Atolla wyvillei contained similar mixtures of delta5 sterols to those previously isolated from coastal species.

Traumatic mitral valve injury after blunt chest trauma: a case report and review of the literature.

Mitral valve injury after blunt chest trauma is a rare occurrence. We recently admitted a patient with severe traumatic mitral regurgitation who was successfully treated with surgery. Review of the literature aimed at taking an inventory of cases of traumatic nonpenetrating mitral insufficiency that were operated on, since the earliest report in 1964. Eighty-two cases were found and analyzed allowing for a better understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, natural history, pathology, and treatment of this rare condition. The most common lesions reach the papillary muscles (PM), followed by the chordae and then the mitral valve leaflets. Among the 82 cases reported that have been treated with surgery, 57% required a valve replacement. More than half of the patients had a PM injury with a complete or partial rupture. When the rupture is complete, and especially when it involves the anterior PM, the clinical picture is most always acute with clinically important hemodynamic repercussions, often necessitating emergency surgery, most of the time with mitral valve replacement. One must always suspect traumatic mitral injury after blunt chest trauma. The most common mitral lesions affect the PM. The clinical course can be indolent or devastating, and most often requires urgent or delayed surgical treatment, either with mitral valve repair or replacement.

Der 11. September aus der Sicht eines Schweizer Trauma Fellows in New York [September 11 from the viewpoint of a Swiss trauma fellow in New York]

This is the report of the events of September 11th seen through the eyes of a Swiss Trauma Fellow. This ill-fated day is described by someone who went down to ground zero with other doctors to help and save lives and came back frustrated because there was so little to be done.

Quand référer aux urgences un patient présentant un trauma de l'appareil locomoteur [When should a patient with musculoskeletal trauma be referred to emergency ward?].

Standardized clinical examination can obviate the need for osteoarticular radiographs for trauma. This paper summarizes a number of decision rules that allow clinical exclusion of significant fracture of the cervical spine, elbow, knee or ankle, making radiographs unnecessary. These criteria were all derived from large cohort studies (Nexus, Ottawa, CCS, etc..., and have been prospectively validated. The rigorous use of these criteria in daily practice improves treatment times and costs with no adverse effect on treatment quality.

Nasal trauma due to continuous positive airway pressure in neonates.

PATIENTS: All neonates admitted between January 2002 and December 2007 treated by nCPAP were eligible. METHODS: Patients' noses were monitored during nCPAP. Nasal trauma was reported into three stages: (I) persistent erythema; (II) superficial ulceration; and (III) necrosis. RESULTS: 989 neonates were enrolled. Mean gestational age was 34 weeks (SD 4), mean birth weight 2142 g (SD 840). Nasal trauma was reported in 420 (42.5%) patients and it was of stage I, II and III in 371 (88.3%), 46 (11%) and 3 (0.7%) patients, respectively. Incidence and severity of trauma were inversely correlated with gestational age and birth weight. The risk of nasal trauma was greater in neonates <32 weeks of gestational age (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.59 to 3.86), weighing <1500 g at birth (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.64), treated >5 days by nCPAP (OR 5.36, 95% CI 3.82 to 7.52), or staying >14 days in the NICU (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.28). Most cases of nasal trauma (90%) appeared during the first 6 days of nCPAP. Persistent visible scars were present in two cases. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal trauma is a frequent complication of nCPAP, especially in preterm neonates, but long-term cosmetic sequelae are very rare. This study provides a description of nasal trauma and proposes a simple staging system. This could serve as a basis to develop strategies of prevention and treatment of this iatrogenic event.

Undertreatment of acute pain (oligoanalgesia) and medical practice variation in prehospital analgesia of adult trauma patients: a 10 yr retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Prehospital oligoanalgesia is prevalent among trauma victims, even when the emergency medical services team includes a physician. We investigated if not only patients' characteristics but physicians' practice variations contributed to prehospital oligoanalgesia. METHODS: Patient records of conscious adult trauma victims transported by our air rescue helicopter service over 10 yr were reviewed retrospectively. Oligoanalgesia was defined as a numeric rating scale (NRS) >3 at hospital admission. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to predict oligoanalgesia, accounting first for patient case-mix, and then physician-level clustering. The intraclass correlation was expressed as the median odds ratio (MOR). RESULTS: A total of 1202 patients and 77 physicians were included in the study. NRS at the scene was 6.9 (1.9). The prevalence of oligoanalgesia was 43%. Physicians had a median of 5.7 yr (inter-quartile range: 4.2-7.5) of post-graduate training and 27% were female. In our multilevel analysis, significant predictors of oligoanalgesia were: no analgesia [odds ratio (OR) 8.8], National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics V on site (OR 4.4), NRS on site (OR 1.5 per additional NRS unit >4), female physician (OR 2.0), and years of post-graduate experience [>4.0 to ≤5.0 (OR 1.3), >3.0 to ≤4.0 (OR 1.6), >2.0 to ≤3.0 (OR 2.6), and ≤2.0 yr (OR 16.7)]. The MOR was 2.6, and was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians' practice variations contributed to oligoanalgesia, a factor often overlooked in analyses of prehospital pain management. Further exploration of the sources of these variations may provide innovative targets for quality improvement programmes to achieve consistent pain relief for trauma victims.

Predictive value of Glasgow Coma Scale after brain trauma: change in trend over the past ten years.

BACKGROUND: Age and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission are considered important predictors of outcome after traumatic brain injury. We investigated the predictive value of the GCS in a large group of patients whose computerised multimodal bedside monitoring data had been collected over the previous 10 years. METHODS: Data from 358 subjects with head injury, collected between 1992 and 2001, were analysed retrospectively. Patients were grouped according to year of admission. Glasgow Outcome Scores (GOS) were determined at six months. Spearman's correlation coefficients between GCS and GOS scores were calculated for each year. RESULTS: On average 34 (SD: 7) patients were monitored every year. We found a significant correlation between the GCS and GOS for the first five years (overall 1992-1996: r = 0.41; p<0.00001; n = 183) and consistent lack of correlations from 1997 onwards (overall 1997-2001: r = 0.091; p = 0.226; n = 175). In contrast, correlations between age and GOS were in both time periods significant and similar (r = -0.24 v r = -0.24; p<0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The admission GCS lost its predictive value for outcome in this group of patients from 1997 onwards. The predictive value of the GCS should be carefully reconsidered when building prognostic models incorporating multimodality monitoring after head injury.

The effect of recalled previous work environment on return to work after a rehabilitation program including vocational aspects for trauma patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to assess the association between remembered previous work place environment and return to work (RTW) after hospitalisation in a rehabilitation hospital. METHODS: A cohort of 291 orthopedic trauma patients discharged from hospital between 15 December 2004 and 31 December 2005 was included in a study addressing quality of life and work-related questions. Remembered previous work environment was measured by Karasek's 31-item Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), given to the patients during hospitalisation. Post-hospitalisation work status was assessed 3 months, 1, and 2 years after discharge, using a questionnaire sent to the ex-patients. Logistic regression models were used to test the role of four JCQ variables on RTW at each time point while controlling for relevant confounders. RESULTS: Subjects perceiving a higher physical demand were less likely to return to work 1 year after hospital discharge. Social support at work was positively associated with RTW at all time points. A high job strain appeared to be positively associated with RTW 1 year after rehabilitation, with limitations due to large confidence intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of previous work environment may influence the probability of RTW. In a rehabilitation setting, efforts should be made to assess those perceptions and, if needed, interventions to modify them should be applied.

La prise en compte de la masse successorale étrangère en droit successoral suisse : étude de droit suisse et de droit comparé

Introduction : A l'heure de la mondialisation, bon nombre de relations juridiques connaissent des imbrications internationales, raison pour laquelle l'importance du droit international privé s'en trouve accrue. L'extension de l'Union européenne témoigne actuellement de la mobilité grandissante des personnes. Par le biais des accords bilatéraux, la Suisse est, dans certains domaines, directement concernée par cet espace communautaire et la règlementation européenne y relative. Nous pensons notamment aux accords de Schengen en vertu desquels la Suisse se trouve confrontée à un flux migratoire sensiblement plus important que par le passé. Sur le plan patrimonial, la principale conséquence de cette mobilité est celle de la dispersion du patrimoine des personnes sur le territoire de plusieurs Etats. En effet, la libre circulation des personnes et les facilités d'établissement dans les Etats occidentaux conduisent bon nombre d'individus à quitter leur Etat d'origine pour aller travailler et se domicilier dans un autre Etat. Ce simple cheminement a alors souvent pour effet de répartir le patrimoine du migrant entre son Etat d'origine et son Etat de domicile. Plus généralement, la liberté économique, produit essentiel du capitalisme, permet à une personne, tout en restant domiciliée dans son Etat d'origine, de placer une partie de ses biens dans un autre Etat que son Etat de domicile. Si l'existence d'un patrimoine éparpillé est certes une problématique relativement complexe du vivant de la personne, notamment en matière de droit fiscal, la transmission dudit patrimoine en matière successorale constitue un véritable casse-tête en droit civil. La présente thèse de doctorat a donc pour objet général l'observation et l'analyse du règlement des successions internationales supposant l'application du droit suisse et/ou la compétence des autorités suisses. A la lecture du livre troisième du Code civil suisse (article 457-640 CC), le règlement de la succession d'un défunt est un processus parfaitement réglé qui, s'il soulève encore un certain nombre de questions subtiles à l'instar de tous les domaines du droit, ne pose pas de problèmes fondamentaux auxquels le praticien pourrait se heurter. Selon l'art. 538 CC, la succession d'une personne s'ouvre à son dernier domicile, ce qui laisse penser que le droit successoral matériel suisse s'applique à quiconque est domicilié en Suisse. Toutefois, le droit successoral matériel prévu dans le Code civil suisse concerne avant tout les successions dites nationales, à savoir les successions de personnes décédées en étant domiciliées en Suisse et dont l'ensemble du patrimoine est situé en Suisse. Il n'est ainsi nullement fait mention d'une éventuelle prise en compte des facteurs tels que la nationalité du défunt ou le lieu de situation des biens extants. Pourtant, bien avant l'adoption du Code civil suisse, le législateur suisse a pris en compte les facteurs susmentionnés en adoptant des législations propres au droit des conflits de lois. L'actuelle réglementation suisse du droit des conflits est contenue dans la Loi fédérale du 18 décembre 1987 sur le droit international privé, dans laquelle les successions internationales font l'objet des articles 86 à 96 LDIP. Dès lors, malgré l'art. 538 CC et l'interprétation du champ d'application des art. 457-640 CC qui en découle, force est d'admettre que, au regard des art. 90 et 91 LDIP, le champ d'application du droit matériel successoral suisse ne dépend pas toujours du domicile du défunt en Suisse. Au contraire, celui-ci peut aussi résulter de la nationalité suisse du défunt ainsi que d'autres critères utilisés par le droit international privé d'un Etat étranger. Ainsi, il ressort des dispositions de la LDIP que les critères de rattachement ne sont pas immuables, en ce sens que le défunt étranger, domicilié en Suisse, peut choisir son droit national pour le règlement de sa succession et que le défunt suisse, domicilié à l'étranger, peut choisir le droit suisse pour le règlement d'une partie ou de la totalité de sa succession. Dès lors, au décès d'une personne, le premier réflexe du juriste suisse doit être de déterminer - la localisation du dernier domicile du défunt ; - la nationalité du défunt ; - la localisation des biens successoraux. Lorsque l'un de ces éléments se rattache à un Etat étranger, le juriste suisse est amené à constater' le caractère international de la succession. Si les critères de rattachement du droit des conflits de chaque Etat partie à la succession coïncident, la succession internationale peut être réglée sous l'empire d'une seule et même loi, ne soulevant ainsi pas plus de problèmes que le règlement d'une succession nationale. A l'inverse, si les critères de rattachement du droit des conflits de chaque Etat partie à la succession ne s'accordent pas, la succession internationale peut faire l'objet d'une scission successorale, selon laquelle le règlement de la succession d'une personne est soumis à une pluralité d'ordres juridiques. La survenance d'une scission successorale aboutit donc à la coexistence de plusieurs masses successorales chacune régie par un ordre juridique différent. Si ce phénomène a pour effet de mettre en échec les principes d'unité et d'universalité de la succession au profit d'un règlement constellé de la succession entre plusieurs ordres juridiques nationaux, la question se pose de savoir comment harmoniser le règlement de ces différentes masses. Pour répondre à cette interrogation, nous allons effectuer, dans un premier temps, un large tour d'horizon du droit successoral matériel suisse avant d'étudier les art. 86-96 LDIP et les règles de conflits y relatives. Dans un second temps, nous allons confronter les règles de conflit successorales suisses avec les règles de conflit successorales allemande, autrichienne, italienne, française, anglaise et liechtensteinoise afin de constater quelles peuvent être les conséquences de la scission successorale sur les expectatives des héritiers et sur les droits des créanciers. Ces constatations nous amèneront notamment à définir la nature des droits successoraux des héritiers, le rattachement des dettes successorales, ainsi que l'étendue de la responsabilité des héritiers pour le passif successoral. Finalement, nous allons nous efforcer d'imaginer un système de droit matériel suisse pour harmoniser le règlement d'une succession faisant l'objet d'une scission. En effet, après un important travail de droit comparé, nous constaterons que certains ordres juridiques prévoient des règles de droit matériel ou des règles de conflit unilatérales permettant de corriger certains effets provoqués par une scission successorale. L'intitulé de cette étude révèle donc sans équivoque notre volonté de trouver un système permettant d'appréhender les effets de la scission successorale par le biais d'une prise en compte des biens extants dévolus sous l'empire d'une loi étrangère dans le cadre du règlement de la succession en Suisse. Pareille prise en compte étant dictée, à notre sens, par le principe de droit successoral matériel suisse qu'est le principe de l'universalité de la succession.