HDLs protect pancreatic β-cells against ER stress by restoring protein folding and trafficking.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis alteration contributes to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death and favors the development of diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate that HDLs protect β-cells against ER stress induced by thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid, palmitate, insulin overexpression, and high glucose concentrations. ER stress marker induction and ER morphology disruption mediated by these stimuli were inhibited by HDLs. Using a temperature-sensitive viral glycoprotein folding mutant, we show that HDLs correct impaired protein trafficking and folding induced by thapsigargin and palmitate. The ability of HDLs to protect β-cells against ER stress was inhibited by brefeldin A, an ER to Golgi trafficking blocker. These results indicate that HDLs restore ER homeostasis in response to ER stress, which is required for their ability to promote β-cell survival. This study identifies a cellular mechanism mediating the beneficial effect of HDLs on β-cells against ER stress-inducing factors.

Axial sub-nanometer accuracy in digital holographic microscopy

We present state-of-the-art dual-wavelength digital holographic microscopy (DHM) measurement on a calibrated 8.9 nm high chromium thin step sample and demonstrate sub-nanometer axial accuracy. By using a modified DHM reference calibrated hologram (RCH) reconstruction method, a temporal averaging procedure and a specific dual-wavelength DHM arrangement, it is shown that specimen topography can be measured with an accuracy, defined as the axial standard deviation, reduced to at least 0.9 nm. Indeed for the first time to the best of our knowledge, it is reported that averaging each of the two wavefronts recorded with real-time dual-wavelength DHM can provide up to 30% spatial noise reduction for the given configuration. Moreover, the presented experimental configuration achieves a temporal stability below 0.8 nm, thus paving the way to Angström range for dual-wavelength DHM.

Ecrire demain, penser aujourd'hui : la science-fiction à la croisée des disciplines : façonner une poétique, esquisser une pragmatique

Abstract De nature interdisciplinaire, ma thèse de doctorat porte sur les récits littéraires traditionnellement nommés de «science-fiction» - peu étudiés dans le milieu universitaire jusqu'à maintenant - et, plus particulièrement, sur le dialogue critique que ce genre littéraire peut instituer entre tout lecteur et la société technoscientifique au sein de laquelle il évolue au quotidien. Afin que cette tâche puisse être menée de manière rigoureuse, j'ai été conduit à faire entrer en résonance divers champs cognitifs non nécessairement liés a priori, à savoir les études littéraires (théorie de la mimèsis, théorie de la réception, théorie schaefferienne de la fiction et situations-limites sartriennes), anthropologiques (fonction du récit chez Jean Molino et Jérôme Brunner), économiques (histoire et théories du libéralisme), philosophiques (méditations heisenbergienne et heideggérienne sur la technique) et épistémologiques (liens entre technologies, sciences et société). En débutant par une réflexion historique sur l'émergence de la science moderne et du libéralisme économique, il s'agissait pour moi de montrer qu'entre ces deux savoirs, une alliance originale s'est nouée et ce, dès la fin du XVIIIe siècle : l'un a besoin de l'autre, et réciproquement. Il est ensuite mis en lumière qu'à la naissance de la science-fiction à la fin du XIXe siècle, correspond la nécessité, pour certains écrivains du moins, de réfléchir à l'évolution technoscientifique prise par la société de leur temps, ainsi qu'aux conséquences que ce progrès pourrait induire sur l'être humain en tant que sujet moral - une problématisation du rapport homme/technoscience par le biais de la fiction, donc. Lors de cette partie, je discute, d'une part, des éléments fondamentaux qui sont essentiels pour établir une poétique originale de la science-fiction - la conjecture, la structure des univers et les thèmes - et, d'autre, part, des distinctions génériques qu'il est important de discerner - j'en délimite trois : science-fiction «apologétique », «neutre » et «critique ». Finalement, mon travail se conclut par une réflexion, à partir de la pensée de Hans Jonas et de Jean-Pierre Dupuy, sur la fonction active que peuvent jouer les romans de science-fiction au niveau éthique. Pour le dire autrement, la fin de mon étude propose, en premier lieu, d'esquisser une «pragmatique de la science-fiction» ; puis, en second lieu, mon enquête stipule que la prise en charge sérieuse de ces récits conduit à la possibilité de concevoir une forme particulière de «catastrophisme éclairé », que j'appelle «heuristique du catastrophisme éclairé » conjurer les dangers et les périls qui pourraient éventuellement nous menacer, c'est avant tout croire qu'ils pourraient se réaliser si on ne les pense pas ou si on n'agit pas. Cette étape, souhaitée par les éthiciens, est justement celle qui me semble caractériser les récits de science-fiction critique. En ce sens, je montre que si la science-fiction écrit «demain », ce n'est en tout cas pas pour le fantasmer ou le prédire, mais, au contraire, pour mieux penser ce qui lui donne forme : l'« aujourd'hui ».

Risk factors of postictal generalized EEG suppression in generalized convulsive seizures.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical determinants of occurrence of postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES) after generalized convulsive seizures (GCS). METHODS: We reviewed the video-EEG recordings of 417 patients included in the REPO2MSE study, a multicenter prospective cohort study of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. According to ictal semiology, we classified GCS into 3 types: tonic-clonic GCS with bilateral and symmetric tonic arm extension (type 1), clonic GCS without tonic arm extension or flexion (type 2), and GCS with unilateral or asymmetric tonic arm extension or flexion (type 3). Association between PGES and person-specific or seizure-specific variables was analyzed after correction for individual effects and the varying number of seizures. RESULTS: A total of 99 GCS in 69 patients were included. Occurrence of PGES was independently associated with GCS type (p < 0.001) and lack of early administration of oxygen (p < 0.001). Odds ratio (OR) for GCS type 1 in comparison with GCS type 2 was 66.0 (95% confidence interval [CI 5.4-801.6]). In GCS type 1, risk of PGES was significantly increased when the seizure occurred during sleep (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2-20.9) and when oxygen was not administered early (OR 13.4, 95% CI 3.2-55.9). CONCLUSION: The risk of PGES dramatically varied as a function of GCS semiologic characteristics. Whatever the type of GCS, occurrence of PGES was prevented by early administration of oxygen.

Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants.

One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue. We used data from 751 studies including 4,372,000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-7.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target. Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Wellcome Trust.

Immediate ecotoxicological effects of short-lived oil spills on marine biota.

Marine environments are frequently exposed to oil spills as a result of transportation, oil drilling or fuel usage. Whereas large oil spills and their effects have been widely documented, more common and recurrent small spills typically escape attention. To fill this important gap in the assessment of oil-spill effects, we performed two independent supervised full sea releases of 5 m(3) of crude oil, complemented by on-board mesocosm studies and sampling of accidentally encountered slicks. Using rapid on-board biological assays, we detect high bioavailability and toxicity of dissolved and dispersed oil within 24 h after the spills, occurring fairly deep (8 m) below the slicks. Selective decline of marine plankton is observed, equally relevant for early stages of larger spills. Our results demonstrate that, contrary to common thinking, even small spills have immediate adverse biological effects and their recurrent nature is likely to affect marine ecosystem functioning.