Quattromani lettore di Bembo : studio e edizione dei Luoghi delle Rime

Letterato versatile e curioso del presente, Sertorio Quattromani (Cosenza 1541-1603) fu uno dei migliori critici letterari della seconda metà del Cinquecento, come dimostrano innanzi tutto l'importante esposizione delle Rime di Della Casa (edita postuma nel 1616) e ora il commento alle Rime di Bembo, qui per la prima volta pubblicato, sulla base del manoscritto Palatino 1036 della Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, nel quale si conserva adespoto con il titolo Luoghi difficili del Bembo. Elaborato tra il 1564 e il 1570, il commento bembiano si presenta non del tutto compiuto, per quanto già ricco di chiose esplicative e di riferimenti intertestuali. Occorre tuttavia considerare che la tipologia esegetica scelta da Quattromani non è quella dell'esposizione continua ma quella del commento tecnico e selettivo, incentrato sulla spiegazione dei luoghi difficili e sull'allegazione dei loci paralleli, oltre che sulle censure di gusto e sui rilievi linguistici, stilistici e retorici. Focalizzata sulla parafrasi e sull'intertestualità, l'annotazione di Quattromani intende essere al servizio del testo e insieme offrire agli scrittori coevi la possibilità di entrare in uno dei più raffinati laboratori poetici del Rinascimento. Almeno due sono le ragioni per motivare il recupero di un'opera incompiuta, e che lo stesso autore non ritenne più adeguata ai tempi, impegnandosi nell'esegesi delle Rime dellacasiane. Innanzi tutto un motivo di ordine generale: letture e commenti di critici coevi all'autore sono di grande utilità per un'interpretazione dei testi storicamente fondata. Poi un motivo specifico, che riguarda lo sviluppo della lirica italiana: già da metà Cinquecento l'esegesi dei poeti contemporanei diventa uno strumento essenziale per costruire la lirica moderna sulle fondamenta gettate da Bembo prima e da Della Casa poi. Infatti nel commento bembiano di Quattromani la fitta allegazione di loci paralleli estratti dalla letteratura latina serve anche a rivelare quanto il petrarchismo di Bembo non si alimenti del solo Petrarca. Rispetto alla vulgata petrarchistica, ciò che emerge nel Bembo di Quattromani è pertanto l'impossibilità per un poeta non corrivo di attenersi a norme insensibili al mutare dei tempi. Il riuso del dettato petrarchesco resta ovviamente legge, ma a patto che accolga nuove commistioni e svariati incrementi. In particolare, si avverte come sempre più vitale la riappropriazione profonda di tutta la letteratura in latino, da quella antica a quella umanistico-rinascimentale, tanto da pervenire a una contaminazione di latino e volgare che può essere considerata uno dei principali fattori di apertura della strada verso il Barocco intrapresa a fine Cinquecento dalla poesia italiana.

High constant incidence of second primary colorectal cancer.

Patients who had a colorectal cancer have a 1.5- to 2-fold excess risk of a second colorectal cancer as compared to the general population, the excess being higher at younger age at diagnosis. To further investigate the risk and the age-relation of the incidence of second primary colorectal cancer, we considered 9,389 first colon and rectal cancers registered in the Vaud Cancer Registry, Switzerland, between 1974 and 2008, and followed-up to the end of 2008 for a total of 44,113 person-years. There were 136 second colorectal cancers versus 90.5 expected, corresponding to a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.5 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.3-1.8). The SIRs were not heterogeneous between men and women, and in strata of calendar year at diagnosis, duration of follow-up, and subsite. However, the SIR was 7.5 (95% CI 4.2-12.4) for subjects diagnosed below age 50 and declined thereafter to reach 1.0 (95% CI 0.6-1.6) at age 80 or over. Consequently, the incidence of second primary colorectal cancer was stable, and exceedingly high, around 300-400/100,000 between age 30-39 and 70 or over. This age pattern is consistent with the existence of a single mutational event in a population of highly susceptible individuals.

Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition.

The recognition that nutrients have the ability to interact and modulate molecular mechanisms underlying an organism's physiological functions has prompted a revolution in the field of nutrition. Performing population-scaled epidemiological studies in the absence of genetic knowledge may result in erroneous scientific conclusions and misinformed nutritional recommendations. To circumvent such issues and more comprehensively probe the relationship between genes and diet, the field of nutrition has begun to capitalize on both the technologies and supporting analytical software brought forth in the post-genomic era. The creation of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, two fields with distinct approaches to elucidate the interaction between diet and genes but with a common ultimate goal to optimize health through the personalization of diet, provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationship between nutritional molecules, genetic polymorphisms, and the biological system as a whole. Reluctance to embrace these new fields exists primarily due to the fear that producing overwhelming quantities of biological data within the confines of a single study will submerge the original query; however, the current review aims to position nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics as the emerging faces of nutrition that, when considered with more classical approaches, will provide the necessary stepping stones to achieve the ambitious goal of optimizing an individual's health via nutritional intervention.

Biochemical identification of three sympatric Apodemus species by protein electrophoresis of blood samples

The allelic pattern of seralbumine and general protein 1 of the three sympatric Apodemus species Apodemus sylvaticus, A. flavicollis, and A. alpicola, were studied using electrophoretic analysis of blood samples, This method appears to be a sensitive tool for distinguishing the three Apodemus species in the Alps, Their identification on the basis of external characteristics in the field is sometimes extremely difficult, even more so for juvenile specimens. Compared to previously described methods the electrophoretic analysis does not require killing animals and can be used on juveniles.

The diet of the Alpine mouse Apodemus alpicola in the Swiss Alps

In this study, we used faecal analysis to determine the diet of the alpine mouse Apodemus alpicola in the field for the first time. This species consumes mainly insects in spring and fruits and seeds of small herbaceous dicotyledons in summer and autumn. Compared to the two congeneric species A. flavicollis and A. sylvaticus, which also occur in the Alps, the diet of A. alpicola is rich in contrasts, with a very pronounced difference between spring and summer. The absence of tree seeds also suggests a mostly terrestrial behaviour. We explain these facts by the specificity of the habitat of A. alpicola: the extreme weather conditions produce great seasonal changes in the vegetation, and the rocky ground favours the adaptation to rock climbing rather than to arboreal Living. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Telmisartan: a different angiotensin II receptor blocker protecting a different population?

The ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET()) showed that the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan was as protective as the reference-standard ramipril in a broad cross-section of patients at increased cardiovascular risk, but was better tolerated. Telmisartan has a unique profile among ARBs, with a high affinity for the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, a long duration of receptor binding, a high lipophilicity and a long plasma half life. This leads to sustained and powerful blood pressure lowering when compared with the first marketed ARBs, such as losartan and valsartan. Some pharmacological properties of telmisartan clearly distinguish it from other members of the ARB class and may contribute to the clinical effects seen with telmisartan. A class effect for ARBs cannot be assumed. To date, telmisartan is the only ARB that has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk in at-risk cardiovascular patients.

Decreasing Proportion of Recent Infections among Newly Diagnosed HIV-1 Cases in Switzerland, 2008 to 2013 Based on Line-Immunoassay-Based Algorithms.

BACKGROUND: HIV surveillance requires monitoring of new HIV diagnoses and differentiation of incident and older infections. In 2008, Switzerland implemented a system for monitoring incident HIV infections based on the results of a line immunoassay (Inno-Lia) mandatorily conducted for HIV confirmation and type differentiation (HIV-1, HIV-2) of all newly diagnosed patients. Based on this system, we assessed the proportion of incident HIV infection among newly diagnosed cases in Switzerland during 2008-2013. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inno-Lia antibody reaction patterns recorded in anonymous HIV notifications to the federal health authority were classified by 10 published algorithms into incident (up to 12 months) or older infections. Utilizing these data, annual incident infection estimates were obtained in two ways, (i) based on the diagnostic performance of the algorithms and utilizing the relationship 'incident = true incident + false incident', (ii) based on the window-periods of the algorithms and utilizing the relationship 'Prevalence = Incidence x Duration'. From 2008-2013, 3'851 HIV notifications were received. Adult HIV-1 infections amounted to 3'809 cases, and 3'636 of them (95.5%) contained Inno-Lia data. Incident infection totals calculated were similar for the performance- and window-based methods, amounting on average to 1'755 (95% confidence interval, 1588-1923) and 1'790 cases (95% CI, 1679-1900), respectively. More than half of these were among men who had sex with men. Both methods showed a continuous decline of annual incident infections 2008-2013, totaling -59.5% and -50.2%, respectively. The decline of incident infections continued even in 2012, when a 15% increase in HIV notifications had been observed. This increase was entirely due to older infections. Overall declines 2008-2013 were of similar extent among the major transmission groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inno-Lia based incident HIV-1 infection surveillance proved useful and reliable. It represents a free, additional public health benefit of the use of this relatively costly test for HIV confirmation and type differentiation.

L'oeil, aux carrefours de l'humain

« Les yeux sont du visage humain la partie la plus noble et la plus importante, les yeux sont composés de corps, d'âme et d'esprit, ou plutôt les yeux sont la fenêtre où l'âme et l'esprit viennent se montrer » (Alphonse Karr, 1853). L'oeil est le regard, mais pour l'ophtalmologue il est aussi une fenêtre ouverte et un regard possible sur le reste du corps. Prolongement du système nerveux central en contact direct avec le monde extérieur dont il est l'un des « senseurs » le plus subtil et le plus complexe, il est sujet à des réactions inflammatoires, allergiques et toxiques chez l'enfant et chez l'adulte. Alors que notre environnement visuel change (modification des systèmes d'éclairage domestique dans les villes, écrans, mode de vie et habitudes de travail), que les polluants se multiplient et se combinent et que les environnements climatisés deviennent la règle, le nombre de patients souffrant de pathologies de la surface oculaire atteint 30 % des motifs de nos consultations et le nombre des patients myopes est en hausse. L'oeil est l'un des « senseurs » le plus subtil et le plus complexe Si la surface oculaire peut aussi être le témoin des pathologies systémiques, c'est la rétine qui en est plus fréquemment le reflet. Les atteintes du lit vasculaire, du nerf optique ou de la rétine peuvent être des manifestations de pathologies générales ou d'effets secondaires ou toxiques de médicaments. L'examen du fond d'oeil et la rétinophotographie restent les examens de dépistage de référence en particulier pour la rétinopathie diabétique, véritable fléau mondial et première cause de cécité dans les pays industrialisés chez les jeunes adultes. Mais ce n'est que par la collaboration entre ophtalmologues, médecins traitants et autres spécialistes que les pathologies rétiniennes peuvent être prises en charge de façon optimale pour qu'à des traitements oculaires spécifiques soit associée la prise en charge globale des maladies causales ou interférentes. Au-delà du fond d'oeil, les progrès technologiques contribuent au développement de multiples méthodes d'exploration des différentes structures de l'oeil offrant ainsi la possibilité d'utiliser l'oeil comme témoin de manifestations précoces de maladies neurologiques périphériques ou centrales. L'imagerie cornéenne semble aujourd'hui capable de révéler et de suivre de façon longitudinale la neuropathie diabétique périphérique et il n'est pas impossible que la rétine devienne le site de détection précoce de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Sur le plan de la prise en charge, l'ophtalmologue ne peut pas se contenter de traiter l'oeil, il doit aussi assurer une prise en charge pluridisciplinaire et accompagner le patient qui, perdant la vision, est sujet à la dépression et à la majoration de tout autre handicap. La perte visuelle est le handicap le plus redouté des populations et la perte d'autonomie qu'il induit limite l'observance et le suivi thérapeutique (comparable en termes de gravité ressentie à un « alitement brutal dans les suites d'un AVC »). La médecine personnalisée et les interactions multidisciplinaires prennent ici tout leur sens. Les développements thérapeutiques ont été majeurs ces dernières années et la cécité n'est plus une fatalité, au moins dans certains cas. Mais la rétine étant un tissu nerveux post-mitotique, les traitements et donc le dépistage doivent être précoces pour prévenir la perte visuelle irréversible. Spécifiquement, les espoirs lointains comme la thérapie génique entrent dans les essais cliniques laissant entrevoir la lumière au bout du tunnel. A portée de vue, la rétine artificielle constitue une avancée concrète, encore perfectible mais accessible dès aujourd'hui. Si les progrès sont manifestes dans le domaine de l'ophtalmologie, il reste encore beaucoup à apprendre et à comprendre en particulier dans les mécanismes pathogéniques multifactoriels des maladies oculaires plus fréquentes. Seule une exploration approfondie des maladies humaines pourra nous permettre de mieux appréhender de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. Comme le disait André Isaac (1893-1975), pour voir loin, il faut regarder de près.

Postmating-prezygotic isolation between two allopatric populations of Drosophila montana: fertilisation success differs under sperm competition

Postmating but prezygotic (PMPZ) interactions are increasingly recognized as a potentially important early-stage barrier in the evolution of reproductive isolation. A recent study described a potential example between populations of the same species: single matings between Drosophila montana populations resulted in differential fertilisation success because of the inability of sperm from one population (Vancouver) to penetrate the eggs of the other population (Colorado). As the natural mating system of D. montana is polyandrous (females remate rapidly), we set up double matings of all possible crosses between the same populations to test whether competitive effects between ejaculates influence this PMPZ isolation. We measured premating isolation in no-choice tests, female fecundity, fertility and egg-to-adult viability after single and double matings as well as second-male paternity success (P-2). Surprisingly, we found no PMPZ reproductive isolation between the two populations under a competitive setting, indicating no difficulty of sperm from Vancouver males to fertilize Colorado eggs after double matings. While there were subtle differences in how P-2 changed over time, suggesting that Vancouver males' sperm are somewhat less competitive in a first-male role within Colorado females, these effects did not translate into differences in overall P-2. Fertilisation success can thus differ dramatically between competitive and noncompetitive conditions, perhaps because the males that mate second produce higher quality ejaculates in response to sperm competition. We suggest that unlike in more divergent species comparisons, where sperm competition typically increases reproductive isolation, ejaculate tailoring can reduce the potential for PMPZ isolation when recently diverged populations interbreed.