"Locus Ecclesiae" : Passion du Christ et renouveaux ecclésiastiques dans la peinture murale des Pyrénées françaises : les styles picturaux (XIIe s.)

RESUME FRANCAIS Le premier chapitre de la thèse prend en considération le style des peintures murales du XIIe siècle à Toulouse, en Comminges, en Couserans, en Carcassonnais et en Roussillon. Chaque oeuvre est analysée de manière comparative avec les autres oeuvres de la même région. Dans la conclusion, on propose de reconnaître l'existence d'au moins trois - peut-être quatre - centres de production de peinture murale, qui exercent leur influence sur la production de la région. La ville de Toulouse se présente comme une véritable capitale régionale en matière de peinture murale. La découverte d'une inscription qui permet de dater une partie des décors de Saint-Sernin à l'année près constitue l'acquis majeur de cette partie. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l'analyse de l'iconographie de la Passion du Christ dans les peintures de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse, Saint-Plancard et Montgauch. L'on étudie ici lés valeurs ecclésiales et le thème de la rénovation dans l'iconographie de la Passion. L'étude explore aussi la notion de «lieu rituel » et la fonction spatiale des peintures dans l'édifice. Elle propose d'identifier des réaménagements du lieu selon l'exhibition d'un discours portant sur l'identité religieuse et l'autorité temporelle de l'Église, en coïncidence avec différentes facettes de la Réforme au XIIe siècle, dont l'étude a retrouvé certaines sources écrites. La troisième partie de la thèse est occupée par « le corpus des oeuvres », base documentaire de notre travail comportant les données historiques, architecturales, techniques, épigraphiques et bibliographiques de chaque oeuvre. RESUME ANGLAIS The first chapter of the dissertation takes into consideration the style of mural painting in Toulouse, Comminges, Couserans, Carcassonnais and Roussillon. Each work is studied in a comparative way with the other paintings of the same region. In the conclusion, we propose to recognise the existence of at least three - maybe four - centres of production of mural painting, influencing the production of the region. The city of Toulouse represents a real capital for the region in terms of mural painting. The discovery of an inscription that dates a part of the paintings of Saint-Sernin is the major result of this part. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the iconography of Christ's Passion in the mural paintings of Saint-Sernin of Toulouse, Saint-Plancard and Montgauch. The enquiry explores the ecclesiastical values and the theme of renovatio in this iconography, as well as the notion of "ritual place" and the spatial function of the paintings in the building. It identifies the redevelopment of places according to the exhibition of a speech on the religious identity and the temporal authority of the Church. These meanings coincide with different aspects of the XIIth century Reform, evidenced by unpublished sources. The third part of the dissertation is the "corpus", a documentary base for the whole enquiry composed by information on the historical background, the architecture, the paintings' techniques, and the epigraphic data of each work.

Fruit flies learn to avoid odours associated with virulent infection.

While learning to avoid toxic food is common in mammals and occurs in some insects, learning to avoid cues associated with infectious pathogens has received little attention. We demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster show olfactory learning in response to infection with their virulent intestinal pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. This pathogen was not aversive to taste when added to food. Nonetheless, flies exposed for 3 h to food laced with P. entomophila, and scented with an odorant, became subsequently less likely to choose this odorant than flies exposed to pathogen-laced food scented with another odorant. No such effect occurred after an otherwise identical treatment with an avirulent mutant of P. entomophila, indicating that the response is mediated by pathogen virulence. These results demonstrate that a virulent pathogen infection can act as an aversive unconditioned stimulus which flies can associate with food odours, and thus become less attracted to pathogen-contaminated food.

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk : a review of southern European studies

High intakes of fruit and vegetables may reduce the risk of cancer at several sites. Evidence has been derived mainly from case-control studies. We reviewed the relationship between consumption of vegetables and fruit and the risk of several common cancers in a network of Italian and Swiss case-control studies including over 10 000 cases of fourteen different cancers and about 17 000 controls. Data were suggestive of a protective role of vegetable intake on the risk of several common epithelial cancers. OR for the highest compared with the lowest levels of consumption ranged from 0·2 (larynx, oral cavity and pharynx) to 0·9 (prostate). Inverse associations were found for both raw and cooked vegetables, although for upper digestive tract cancers the former were somewhat stronger. Similar inverse associations were found for cruciferous vegetables. Frequent consumption of allium vegetables was also associated with reduced risk of several cancers. Fruit was a favourable correlate of the risk of several cancers, particularly of the upper digestive tract, with associations generally weaker than those reported for vegetables. A reduced risk of cancers of the digestive tract and larynx was found for high consumption of citrus fruit. Suggestive protections against several forms of cancer, mainly digestive tract cancers, were found for high consumption of apples and tomatoes. High intakes of fibres, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins were inversely related to various forms of cancer. In conclusion, data from our series of case-control studies suggested a favourable role of high intakes of fruit and vegetables in the risk of many common cancers, particularly of the digestive tract. This adds evidence to the indication that aspects of the Mediterranean diet may have a favourable impact not only on CVD, but also on several common (epithelial) cancers, particularly of the digestive tract.

Associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and psychological distress: results from a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies observed associations of various aspects of diet with mental health, but little is known about the relationship between following the 5-a-day recommendation for fruit and vegetables consumption and mental health. Thus, we examined the associations of the Swiss daily recommended fruit and vegetable intake with psychological distress. METHODS: Data from 20,220 individuals aged 15+ years from the 2012 Swiss Health Survey were analyzed. The recommended portions of fruit and vegetables per day were defined as 5-a-day (at least 2 portions of fruit and 3 of vegetables). The outcome was perceived psychological distress over the previous 4 weeks (measured by the 5-item mental health index [MHI-5]). High distress (MHI-5 score ≤ 52), moderate distress (MHI-5 > 52 and ≤ 72) and low distress (MHI-5 > 72 and ≤ 100) were differentiated and multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for known confounding factors were performed. RESULTS: The 5-a-day recommendation was met by 11.6 % of the participants with low distress, 9.3 % of those with moderate distress, and 6.2 % of those with high distress. Consumers fulfilling the 5-a-day recommendation had lower odds of being highly or moderately distressed than individuals consuming less fruit and vegetables (moderate vs. low distress: OR = 0.82, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.69-0.97; high vs. low distress: OR = 0.55, 95 % CI 0.41-0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Daily intake of 5 servings of fruit and vegetable was associated with lower psychological distress. Longitudinal studies are needed to further determine the causal nature of this relationship.

Passion for Ski Mountaineering and Relationship Quality: The Mediating Role of Team Cohesion

Vallerand and colleagues (2003) developed a dualistic model of passion, wherein two types of passion are proposed: harmonious and obsessive passions that predict adaptive and less adaptive interpersonal outcomes, respectively. The present study examined the mediating role of team cohesion between passion and relationship satisfaction and interpersonal conflict with teammates. We hypothesized that harmonious and obsessive passions would be positively and negatively related to team cohesion, respectively, which, in turn should be associated with high relationship satisfaction and low interpersonal conflict with teammates. Ski mountaineers (N = 559) participating in the "Patrouille des Glaciers" completed an initial questionnaire assessing harmonious and obsessive passions for ski mountaineering and team cohesion before the race. After the race, a second questionnaire was completed and assessed participants' relationship quality with teammates and team conflict during the race. Results from path analyses supported the hypothesized model. Future research directions are discussed in light of the dualistic model of passion and team cohesion literature.

Predicted decrease in global climate suitability masks regional complexity of invasive fruit fly species response to climate change

Climate change affects the rate of insect invasions as well as the abundance, distribution and impacts of such invasions on a global scale. Among the principal analytical approaches to predicting and understanding future impacts of biological invasions are Species Distribution Models (SDMs), typically in the form of correlative Ecological Niche Models (ENMs). An underlying assumption of ENMs is that species-environment relationships remain preserved during extrapolations in space and time, although this is widely criticised. The semi-mechanistic modelling platform, CLIMEX, employs a top-down approach using species ecophysiological traits and is able to avoid some of the issues of extrapolation, making it highly applicable to investigating biological invasions in the context of climate change. The tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprise some of the most successful invasive species and serious economic pests around the world. Here we project 12 tephritid species CLIMEX models into future climate scenarios to examine overall patterns of climate suitability and forecast potential distributional changes for this group. We further compare the aggregate response of the group against species-specific responses. We then consider additional drivers of biological invasions to examine how invasion potential is influenced by climate, fruit production and trade indices. Considering the group of tephritid species examined here, climate change is predicted to decrease global climate suitability and to shift the cumulative distribution poleward. However, when examining species-level patterns, the predominant directionality of range shifts for 11 of the 12 species is eastward. Most notably, management will need to consider regional changes in fruit fly species invasion potential where high fruit production, trade indices and predicted distributions of these flies overlap.

Dial M for Murder: A Case of Passion Killing, Criminal Evidence and Sultanic Power in Medieval India

This paper considers the structures and applications of the criminal judicial system in the Islamic Later Middle Period as it developed in India under the sultans of Delhi (1200-1400 CE). A fundamental issue in crime and punishment is the relationship between sultanic power and religious authority. Particularly at stake in this relationship is the question of who can sanction the highest form of punishment, i.e. the death penalty (siyāsa). Contemporary historians and scholars in the study of religion investigating the relationship between sharīʿa and siyāsa to reveal the extent and limits of sultanic power show a system of governance that allowed for the delegation of authority, particularly in the area of the judiciary, from the sultan down to viziers and judges. Some scholars depict the relationship between the ʿulamāʾ and the sultan as a kind of stand off. The actual dynamics of legal jurisdiction were much more complex. This study proposes a new interpretive framework for understanding the relationship between political power and religious authority through a critical analysis of the criminal judicial system, law, and historical narrative. In particular, I consider a murder case described by Shams al-dīn Sirāj ʿAfīf in one of the most significant histories written in the later Delhi Sultanate, the Tārīkh-i Fīrūzshāhī.