Utilisation d'EMLA® (lidocaïne/prilocaïne)de façon routinière lors de vaccinations chez l'enfant : anodin?

L'utilisation d'EMLA 5%®, une association de deux anesthésiques locaux, la lidocaïne et la prilocaïne, sous forme de crème ou de patch, s'est répandue de façon assez générale. Son utilisation lors de gestes invasifs, tels que ponctions veineuses ou injections intramusculaires, petite chirurgie comme ablation de verrues plantaires ou biopsies cutanées, s'est étendue à toutes sortes d'indications, telles qu'administration de vaccins ou, en dehors d'une indication médicale, lors de piercing ou de pose de boucles d'oreilles. S'il est vrai que l'accent a été mis ces dernières années sur l'importance d'une bonne antalgie, en particulier chez les jeunes enfants, la généralisation de l'utilisation d'anesthésiques topiques pour des gestes anodins doit faire évoquer les risques potentiels associés à de telles molécules.

Carotid-Subclavian Artery Index : Validation of an Echocardiographic Index to Detect Coarctation : P67

Introduction: Due to patency of the arterial duct and the parallel circulation during the fetal life, coarctation remains a difficult diagnosis prenatally and even shortly after birth. Fisrtly, our study aimed to assess accuracy of a new cardiographie index based on morphologie measurements of the distal aortic arch, the Carotid-Subclavian Artery Index (CSA Index), the ratio of the distal transverse aortic arch diameter to the distance between the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery, in detecting coarctation in newborns, infants and children, independently of other cardiac lesions. Secondly, to assess the additive value of another morphologie index in predicting coarctation, the 1/0 ratio, the ratio of isthmus to descending aorta diameter. Methods: It is a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care children's hospital. Offline echocardiographic measurements of great vessels and aortic arch dimensions were done in 69 patients with coarctation. We calculate their CSA index, and their 1/0 ratio. Values of CSA Index and 1/0 ratio from coarctation group were compared with those from a normal local control population. Results: 69 echocardiograms from patients with coarctation were analysed. Compared with controls, patients with coarctation had a significantly lower CSA index (0.88 ±0.49 vs 2.65 ±0.82, p <0.0001) and 1/0 ratio. The same significant difference was observed, independently of age and other associated defects, even complex ones. CSA Index confirmed its good sensitivity and specificity (99% and 96% respectively). This was not improved by adding the I/D ratio. Conclusions: An abnormal CSA index is highly suggestive of coarctation independently of age, of the presence of a patent ductus arteriosus or of other cardiac defects. The addition of another anatomie index, the I/D ratio, was not helpful in our study.

Phthalates in the NICU: Is it safe?

AIMS: As growing concerns exist regarding phthalate exposure, which could be teratogenic, carcinogenic or induce reproductive toxicity, we aimed to review the evidence of the risks due to the use of medical devices containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in hospitalized neonates. METHODS: We reviewed the literature, searching through medical literature databases (Pubmed, MEDLINE, EBM reviews, Cochrane database, Embase and Google Scholar) using the following keywords: phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, newborn and neonate. RESULTS: We identified several associations with short and long term health dangers, mainly subfertility, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, necrotising enterocolitis, parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis and neuro-developmental disorders. These data are based mainly on animal or observational human studies. CONCLUSION: Clinicians must be aware of the potential risks due to phthalate exposure in the NICU. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate containing materials should be identified and alternative devices should be considered. There is a need to improve knowledge in this area.

Fetal Diagnosis of Cardiac Rhabdomyoma, its Management and Outcome : P71

Objectives: This study analyses the long term cardiac and neurological outcome of patients with cardiac rhabdomyoma (CR) in order to allow comprehensive prenatal counselling. Because of the relative rarity of the disease, there is paucity of data concerning the outcome of patients with CR. Methods: A retrospective study including all cases with echocardiographic diagnosis of CR encountered between April 1986 and August 2006. Results: Of 24 CR patients identified, 7 were diagnosed in-utero at a gestational age (GA) between 28-35 weeks and 17 postnatally between 10 days and 5 years. 14 had multiple CR and 10 had one/two CR. The CRs were situated predominantly in the LV (70%), RV (52%) and IVS (48%) and to a lesser extent in the atria (13%) and pericardium (4%). Follow-up echocardiography in. 18'show\'ld complete postnatal regression of CR in 3, partial regression in 13 and no change in 2. Cardiac complications were encountered in 5 patients, 1 with WPW syndrome and SVT requiring anti-arrhythmic therapy, 1 with sub-aortic obstruction needing surgical intervention and 3 with occasional bouts of paroxysmal SVT. Long-term follow-up revealed tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville (TSB) as definite diagnosIs in 22 (92%), complicated by epilepsy in 16 (67%) and developmental delay in 14 (64%). Conclusions: CR generally regresses after birth and after the high risk perinatal period cardiac related problems are rare. The relatively poor neurodevelopmental outcome of the almost always associated TSB however should form a dominating aspect of the prenatal counselling of parents whose fetuses are diagnosed with this rare disease.

The predictive value of preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide in children undergooing heart surgery.

Introduction: Low cardiac output syndrome is frequent in childrenafter heart surgery for congenital heart disease and may result in pooroutcome and increased morbidity. In the adult population, preoperativebrain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was shown to be predictive of postoperative complications. In children, the value of preoperative BNP onpostoperative outcome is not so clear. The aim of this study was todetermine the predictive value of preoperative BNP on postoperativeoutcome and low cardiac output syndrome in children after heartsurgery for congenital heart disease.Methods: We examined, retrospectively, the postoperative course of97 pediatric patients (mean age 3.7 years, range 0-14 years old) whounderwent heart surgery in a tertiary care pediatric intensive caresetting. NTproBNP was measured preoperatively in all patients(median 412 pg/ml, range 12-35'000 pg/ml). Patients were divided intothree groups according to their NTproBNP levels (group 1: 0-300 pg/ml, group 2: 300-600 pg/ml, group 3: >600 pg/ml) and then,correlations with postoperative outcomes were examined.Results: We found that patients with a high preoperative BNP requiredmore frequently prolonged (>2 days) mechanical ventilation (33%vs 40% vs 61%, p = 0.045) and stayed more frequently longer than6 days in the intensive care unit (42% vs 50% vs 71%, p = 0.03).However, high preoperative BNP was not correlated with occurrenceof low cardiac output syndrome.Conclusion: Preoperative BNP cannot be used, in children, as areliable and sole predictor of postoperative low cardiac outputsyndrome. However it may help identify, before surgery, those patientsat risk of having a difficult postoperative course.

Méthylphénydate et abus

Le méthylphénidate est un stimulant du système nerveux central, proche des amphétamines par son mécanisme d'action, commercialisé depuis les années cinquante, initialement pour le traitement de la narcolepsie et de la fatigue chronique. Son potentiel addictif est connu de longue date: un des premiers cas publiés remonte à 19601). Il est soumis à la Loi fédérale sur les stupéfiants. Reconnu ultérieurement comme un traitement efficace des troubles déficitaires de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA-H) de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, le méthylphénidate (Ritaline®, Concerta®) a vu ses ventes fortement augmenter à partir des années quatre-vingt-dix, d'abord en Amérique du Nord puis en Europe. Le diagnostic de TDA-H pourrait concerner 3 à 5% des moins de dix-huit ans, voire plus selon certaines études. Plus récemment, on a identifié ce trouble chez des adultes, auxquels s'est alors élargi le champ de prescription du médicament. Cet engouement, de loin pas toujours justifié2), pour le méthylphénidate peut faire craindre une recrudescence des abus. L'objectif de cet article est de comparer le potentiel addictif du méthylphénidate à celui d'autres stimulants et de passer en revue la fréquence et les modalités d'abus dans différentes populations. Enfin, les abus de méthylphénidate recensés par le Centre Suisse d'Information Toxicologique (CSIT) entre 1996 et 2009, seules données disponibles en Suisse, sont analysés rétrospectivement.