21 resultados para Irish fiction--18th century
Resumo:
Depuis les années quatre-vingt, la maçonnologie -soit l'étude des réseaux et des nouvelles formes de sociabilité constituées principalement par la Franc-Maçonnerie- s'est progressivement imposée comme une nouvelle discipline des sciences historiques, sociales et politiques. Sa démarche novatrice est interdisciplinaire et vise à comprendre l'origine sociale des adeptes, le rôle du secret comme facteur d'agrégation, ainsi que la philosophie et la morale prônées par l'ordre. Cette démarche ne s'adresse d'ailleurs pas exclusivement à la Franc-Maçonnerie ; elle peut sans problèmes être élargie à d'autres organisations secrètes telles : l'ordre des Illuminés de Bavière, la Charbonnerie, la Philadelphie etc... Les ouvrages pionniers de cette discipline -ceux de Maurice Agulhon et de Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire pour la France, de Carlo Francovich pour l'Italie et d'Helmut Reinalter pour l'Autriche et l'Allemagne- ont la particularité de s'être concentrés sur les sociétés secrètes du XVIIIe siècle : approfondissant leur dimension cosmopolite proche de la philosophie des Lumières. Cette thèse propose de se concentrer sur la Charbonnerie : une société aux origines compagnonniques encore active au début du XIXe siècle dans les provinces de Franche-Comté et de Bourgogne. Celle-ci a été transplantée dans le royaume de Naples, durant la période napoléonienne, et, dans cet environnement, elle s'est politisée épousant la cause de la lutte contre les régimes absolutistes et pour l'autodétermination des peuples. Depuis le royaume de Naples, la Charbonnerie s'est répandue, d'abord dans les autres États constituant la péninsule italienne d'alors, puis elle a été exportée, principalement par des exilés italiens, dans d'autres réalités telles: la France, l'Espagne, la Suisse, la Grande-Bretagne, la Grèce et la Russie. Son idéologie et son combat mêlent à la fois une dimension cosmopolite d'amitié entre les peuples et de secours pour les patriotes persécutés, ainsi que de lutte pour l'affirmation du principe de nationalité pour chaque peuple. - Since the 1980s, the study of Freemasonry - namely the study of the networks and forms of sociability associated with the Freemasons - has gradually established itself as a new field of historical, political and social research. This new interdisciplinary approach aims at exploring the social background of the affiliates, the role that secrecy played in their integration, and the philosophy and moral principles promoted by the Order. This approach is not confined to Freemasonry, but can be applied in the same way to other secret societies, such as the Illuminati, the Carbonari and the Philadelphians . The pioneering studies in this field - those developed by Maurice Agulhon and Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire on France, by Carlo Francovich on Italy and by Helmut Reinalter for Austria and Germany - focus on secret societies in the 18th century: consequently they emphasize their cosmopolitan dimension and their affinity to the philosophy of the Enlightenment. This doctoral thesis focuses more particularly on the Carbonari: a society that had its origins in the Compagnonnage, still present in the French provinces of the Franche-Comté and the Bourgogne in the early 19th century. During the Napoleonic period the Carboneria was imported into the Kingdom of Naples, where the society became more politicized, espousing the struggle against absolutism and for the peoples' right to self-determination. From the Kingdom of Naples, the society extended its influence first into the other countries of the Italian peninsula, then, thanks to exiled Italians, to France, Spain, Switzerland, Great Britain, Greece, and Russia. The ideals and objectives of the society combined the pursuit of cosmopolitan friendship between nations, the effort to save persecuted compatriots , and the assertion of the national identity of peoples.
Resumo:
Initiée en anthropologie à la fin des années 1970, la notion de pluralisme médical se voit réappropriée par diverses disciplines des sciences humaines, à l'instar des treize contributions de cet ouvrage collectif édité par Robert Jütte. Historiens, sociologues et anthropologues y interviennent à la suite d'un colloque organisé en 2001 en Italie par l'Institut d'histoire de la médecine de la Fondation Robert Bosch et le Centre Italo-Tedesco pour l'Excellence européenne, en collaboration avec le Forum de dialogue Pluralismus in der Medizin. Encore très questionnée et souvent nuancée selon les contextes, la définition du pluralisme médical se situe quelque part entre le fait que différentes formes de soins existent simultanément et s'influencent les unes les autres, et le constat d'une popularité grandissante des médecines alternatives et complémentaires défiant l'hégémonie de la biomédecine - cette situation s'observant plus particulièrement dans les pays occidentaux. C'est dans ce dernier contexte que s'inscrit le volume, dont chacune des contributions examine le phénomène du pluralisme médical soit en Allemagne, en Italie, en France ou en Grande-Bretagne - avec une exception pour l'Inde. La profondeur diachronique adoptée par l'ouvrage, couvrant l'époque pré-moderne à nos jours, offre une exploration élargie des expériences thérapeutiques. Ainsi sont évoqués, d'une part, les tenants de la médecine dite orthodoxe ou conventionnelle, regroupant les praticiens officiels que sont les médecins académiques en première ligne, suivis des chirurgiens, barbiers, apothicaires et sages-femmes; d'autre part sont pris en compte les représentants des médecines complémentaires, alternatives, naturelles ou encore populaires - des homéopathes aux acupuncteurs en passant par les magnétiseurs et les magiciennes guérisseuses. La réflexion sur les concurrences et les complémentarités entre ces acteurs variés, qui fait consensus au sein des contributions, est développée sous divers aspects.
Resumo:
(ENGLISH VERSION BELOW) En 1780, le médecin Jean-André Venel fonde à Orbe, dans le canton de Vaud, le premier institut orthopédique connu dans le monde, proposant une version clinique d'un savoir-faire médical ancestral. A travers des sources qui réactualisent les travaux consacrés à Venel, cet article retrace les origines de son institution et de sa pensée médicale, dans un contexte de production et de diffusion d'un savoir particulier en termes de technique du corps et de médecine de l'enfant. Revisitant la figure légendaire - ou mythique ? - de ce que l'histoire de la médecine a retenu comme étant le « père de l'orthopédie », l'article s'interroge par la même occasion sur les conditions d'émergence d'une spécialité médicale au sortir de l'Ancien Régime, et de son impact dans les premières décennies du XIXe siècle. In 1780, the physician Jean-André Venel creates in Orbe (canton of Vaud) the first orthopedic institute of the world, offering a clinical version of an ancient medical savoir-faire. By using sources that enable us to update the scholarship on Venel, this article traces the origins of his institute and of his medical thought, in the context of the production and diffusion of a specialized knowledge on the body and on children. With this new perspective on the legendary, if not mythical, figure, whom the history of medicine has canonized as the "father of orthopedia", this article also examines the conditions of emergence of a medical specialization at the end of the Ancien Régime and its impact in the first decades of the nineteenth century.
Resumo:
(Résumé de l'ouvrage) In 1927 M. R. James published Latin Infancy Gospels, identified by him in two related but not identical manuscripts (one the British Library Arundel 404; the other from Hereford), together with a parallel text from the Irish manuscript known as the Leabhar Breac. Later researches brought to light more manuscripts of this Latin work, and also of the Irish text. James recognized that his apocryphal Latin Infancy text was compiled from a combination of the Protevangelium of James and a hitherto unknown text which he named "The Source". Recent research has identified a full Latin translation of the Protevangelium of James. A hitherto unrecognized Irish Infancy Narrative has also been identified in the Dublin manuscript known as the Liber Flavus Fergusiorum. A deep study of this related tradition was called for. This has been carried out over the past ten years by an Irish team in conjunction with Professor Daniel Kaestli and AELAC. The fruits of this labour are published in these two volumes. Volume 13 has a general introduction with a historical sketch of New Testament apocrypha in Ireland and a history of research on the subject. This is followed by a comparison of the Infancy Narratives in the Leabhar Breac and the Liber Flavus Fergusiorum. There are special introductions to these Infancy texts, followed by critical editions of the Irish texts, accompanied by English translations and rich annotation. Next there is similar treatment of the Irish versified Narrative (from ca. 700) of the Childhood Deeds of Jesus (commonly known as the Infancy Narrative (or Gospel) of Thomas. There is then (in volume 14, but with continuous pagination) the edition and translation of an Irish thirteenth-century poem with elements from Infancy Narratives, and both Latin and Irish texts on the wonders at Christ's birth, accompanied by translations and notes. The edition of the Irish material is followed by a critical edition of the full Arundel and Hereford forms of the Infancy Narrative (here referred to as the "J Compilation"), together with a detailed study of all the questions relating to this work. The volume concludes with a critical edition (by Rita Beyers) of the Latin text of the Protevangelium of James, accompanied by a detailed study of the work.. The work contains a detailed study of the Latin translations of the Protevangelium of James and the transmission of this work in the West. The "J Compilation" (a combination of the Protevangelium and texts of Pseudo-Matthew) can be traced back in manuscript transmission to ca. 800,and must have originated some time earlier. Behind it stands an earlier "I ("I" for Irish) Compilation" without influence from Pseudo-Matthew, the form found in the Irish witnesses. It is argued that M. R. James's "Source" may be of Judaeo-Christian origin and may really be the Gospel of the Nazoreans. Among the indexes there is a list of all the Irish words found in the texts. This edition of the Irish and related Latin texts is a major contribution to the study of the apocryphal Infancy Narratives. It should also be of particular interest to Celtic scholars, to students of Irish ecclesiastical learning, and in general to all medievalists.
Resumo:
In my paper I will present some results about ritual kinship and political mobilization of popular groups in an alpine Valley: the Val de Bagnes, in the Swiss canton of Valais. There are two major reasons to choose the Val de Bagnes for our inquiry about social networks: the existence of sharp political and social conflicts during the 18th and the 19th century and the availability of almost systematic genealogical data between 1700 and 1900. The starting point of my research focuses on this question: what role did kinship and ritual kinship play in the political mobilization of popular groups and in the organization of competing factions? This question allows us to shed light on some other uses and meanings of ritual kinship in the local society. Was ritual kinship a significant instrument for economic cooperation? Or was it a channel for patronage or for privileged social contacts? The analysis highlights the importance of kinship and godparentage for the building of homogeneous social and political networks. If we consider transactions between individuals, the analysis of 19th century Val de Bagnes gives the impression of quite open networks. Men and women tried to diversify their relations in order to avoid strong dependency from powerful patrons. Nevertheless, when we consider the family networks, we can notice that most relations took place in a structured social space or a specific "milieu", were intense contacts enhanced trust, although political allegiances and social choices were not fully predictable on the basis of such preferential patterns. In a politically conflictual society, like 19th century Bagnes, ritual kinship interacted with kinship solidarities and ideological factors shaping dense social networks mostly based on a common political orientation. Such milieus sustained the building of political factions, which show surprising stability over time. In this sense, milieus are important factors to understand political and religious polarization in 19th century Switzerland.