Uranium-enrichment in soils and plants in the vicinity of a pitchblende vein at La Creusaz-Les Marecottes (W of Martigny, Valais, Switzerland)

In the NE part of the Aiguilles Rouges Massif near Martigny, at the eastern contact of the Variscan Vallorcine granite to adjacent gneisses, a series of pitchblende (UO2)-veins occur. This paper determines the level of enrichment and mobility of uranium in soils situated in the vicinity of such a UO2-vein 7 km west of Martigny. Within an area of 50 x 100 m, situated on a relatively steep slope and characterized by a strong gramma-ray anomaly, six soil profiles including their plant cover and a reference soil profile outside the influence of the UO2-vein have been examined. The soil shows pH-values between 4 and 5 and is colluvial. The applied analytical methods for the metal contents include extraction methods, common for soil studies, and bulk analysis performed with X-ray fluorescence and ICP-MS. Uranium contents found in the uppermost 20 cm of the soil profiles vary from 2,500 ppm close to the vein to 15 ppm at the lowermost point of the study area. The reference soil has around 3 ppm uranium. At greater depth (20 to 40 cm) the U-content decreases to about half of the surface values, indicating a vertical transport of uranium within the soil profile. No systematic dependance of uranium-contents to grain size (amount of clay) nor to the amount of organic matter has been found. However, the good correlation between uranium and free iron oxide concentration suggests adsorption of uranium on iron oxy-hydroxides. The ashes of grass and mosses contain up to 90 ppm U, the blueberry and redwood only up to 3 ppm. Our observations suggest that at the surface the uranium is transported by downhill creep (solifluxion) of uranium-rich rock fragments. Liberated by oxidation of the uppermost fragments in a given soil column, the uranium migrates vertically until the conditions are favourable to adsorption onto Fe-oxy-hydroxides. However, as high U-contents of local surface water show, this adsorption does not lead to a significant retention of the uranium.

Les idées de W. von Humboldt dans l'oeuvre du philosophe religieux S. Bulgakov

D'après S. Bulgakov, c'est chez W. Humboldt qu'il trouve les idées implicites les plus fondamentales aur le genèse de la parole et du langage, le lien entre la forme et le contenu. Dans son livre "La Philosophie du nom"(Filosofija imeni) il lui consacre un chapitre "Le Langage d'après Humboldt". La question essentielle qui intéresse Bulgakov est de savoir comment se passe le preocessus du lien entre le nom et la chose. De l'autre côté, Bulgakov intervient en tant que continuateur des idées des Pères de l'Eglise orientale: Denys l'Aréopagite, Saint Grégoire de Nysse. Bulgakov, comme ses précurseurs néoplatoniciens, insiste sur la nécessité de comprendre la capacité humaine de parler comme expression divine.

Prenatal brain atrophy due to a giant vein of Galen malformation.

We report a full-term newborn girl with a giant vein of Galen malformation and extreme cerebral atrophy of prenatal origin. She presented on the 3rd day of life with intractable congestive heart failure. The diagnosis of the vascular malformation was confirmed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.

Tenascin-W, a new marker of cancer stroma, is elevated in sera of colon and breast cancer patients.

Tenascins are extracellular matrix proteins present during the development of organisms as well as in pathological conditions. Tenascin-W, the fourth and last member of the tenascin family remains the least well-characterized one. Our study aimed to evaluate the potential significance of tenascin-W as cancer biomarker by monitoring its presence in the serum of colorectal and breast cancer patients and its expression in colorectal tumor tissues. To measure serum tenascin-W levels, a sensitive sandwich-ELISA was established. Mean tenascin-W concentration in sera of patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer at time of diagnosis was highly increased compared to that of healthy volunteers. A similar tendency was observed for tenascin-C in the same patient cohort. However, the increase was much more striking for tenascin-W. We also detected elevated tenascin-W levels in sera of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, we could show a prominent expression of tenascin-W in extracts from colorectal tumor tissues by immunoblot analysis, whereas tenascin-W was not detectable in the corresponding normal colon mucosa. To confirm the western blot results, we performed immunohistochemistry of frozen sections of the same patients as well as of an additional, independently chosen collection of colorectal cancer tissues. In all cases, similarly to tenascin-C, tenascin-W was detected in the tumor stroma. Our results reveal a clear association between elevated levels of tenascin-W and the presence of cancer. These results warrant further studies to evaluate the potential value of serum and tissue tenascin-W levels as diagnostic, prognostic or monitoring biomarker in colorectal, breast and possibly other solid cancers.

From breathing to respiration.

The purpose of breathing remained an enigma for a long time. The Hippocratic school described breathing patterns but did not associate breathing with the lungs. Empedocles and Plato postulated that breathing was linked to the passage of air through pores of the skin. This was refuted by Aristotle who believed that the role of breathing was to cool the heart. In Alexandria, breakthroughs were accomplished in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system. Later, Galen proposed an accurate description of the respiratory muscles and the mechanics of breathing. However, his heart-lung model was hampered by the traditional view of two non-communicating vascular systems - veins and arteries. After a period of stagnation in the Middle Ages, knowledge progressed with the discovery of pulmonary circulation. The comprehension of the purpose of breathing progressed by steps thanks to Boyle and Mayow among others, and culminated with the contribution of Priestley and the discovery of oxygen by Lavoisier. Only then was breathing recognized as fulfilling the purpose of respiration, or gas exchange. A century later, a controversy emerged concerning the active or passive transfer of oxygen from alveoli to the blood. August and Marie Krogh settled the dispute, showing that passive diffusion was sufficient to meet the oxygen needs. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Pochwala przypadku. Uwagi o odbiorze polskiego oswiecenia w Szwajcarii

Il s'agit dans cet article de faire le point sur la question des relations polono-suisses au XVIIIe siècle, sujet souvent étudié par le passé et éclairé de manière nouvelle grâce à la publication récente de nombreux documents. Un examen systématique du Journal Helvétique (1732-1782) ainsi qu'une mise en valeur des articles « polonais » de l'Encyclopédie d'Yverdon ajoutent à cela des données qui permettent de proposer de nouvelles interprétations quant à la perception de la Pologne dans la Suisse francophone au temps de Stanislas-Auguste. Loin de consolider telle ou telle thèse explicative, par exemple sur la question du républicanisme ou sur les rapport confessionnels entre catholiques polonais et intellectuels protestants de Suisse, le propos tend plutôt à proposer de tenir compte du facteur conjoncturel et fortuit, lié à quelques individualités particulières, et d'éviter de tirer des conclusions par trop généralisantes. Les informations nouvelles qui sont aujourd'hui à disposition permettent de redéfinir les questions plutôt qu'elles n'apportent de réponses plus affirmées.