Blunting the response to endotoxin in healthy sujects : effects of various dose of intravenous fish oil

Enjeux et contexte La recherche de cette dernière décennie sur les acides gras n-3 PUFA contenus dans l'huile de poisson a montré que ceux-ci, et particulièrement l'ΕΡΑ et le DHA, avaient des propriétés anti¬inflammatoires et anti arythmiques puissantes, potentiellement utiles chez les septiques et « cardiaques ». Les mécanismes sous-jacents sont nombreux, incluant l'incorporation des acides gras dans les membranes de phopholipides, la réduction de la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires (prostaglandines, leukotrienes, thromboxane), l'augmentation de la production de résolvines et protectines dérivées du DHA, et la régulation de voies de signalisation cellulaire. Cependant, les doses de n-3 PUFA utilisées dans les études cliniques et chez le sujet sain avant le travail de Yann-Karim Pittet étaient nettement supérieures aux doses nutritionnelles de l'ordre de 5-8 g/j par voie orale ou 1 g/kg par voie intraveineuse. De plus, la voie entérale avait la réputation de nécessiter plusieurs jours à semaines de traitement avant d'aboutir à une incorporation d'acides gras membranaire suffisante pour avoir un impact clinique; quant au temps minimal requis pour obtenir cet effet par voie IV, il était inconnu. Depuis, le développement d'émulsions lipidiques intraveineuses destinées à la nutrition parentérale a permis d'imaginer l'administration de prétraitements IV rapides. Pour les étudier, notre laboratoire a développé un modèle d'endotoxine (LPS d'E.Coli) qui mime les réponses physiologique, endocrinienne et biologique du sepsis chez le sujet sain, utilisant des doses de 2 ng/kg IV. Les réponses sont totalement réversibles en 8 heures. Dans le but de réduire à la fois la dose de lipides et le temps de perfusion, ce travail a étudié l'influence de 3 doses dégressives de n-3 PUFA sur les réponses à l'endotoxine, et sur l'incorporation membranaire de ces acides gras. Méthodes Etude prospective chez 3 groupes consécutifs de sujets sains soumis à un challenge d'endotoxine. Intervention : perfusions d'huile de poisson (0.5 et 0.2 g/kg de n-3 PUFA, Omegaven® 10%) ou placebo, administrées en 3 heures ou en 1 heure, soit le jour avant ou le jour-même du test d'endotoxine. Mesures : variables physiologiques (T°, fc, tension artérielle, calorimétrie indirecte) Laboratoire - prises de sang à T0, 60, 120 et 360 min après l'injection de LPS: TNF-α, hs-CRP, hormones de stress, composition en acides gras des membranes plaquettaires. Statistiques Les résultats ont été rapportés en moyennes et écarts types. Des aires sous la courbe (AUC) ont été calculées avec la méthode des parallélépipèdes pour toutes les variables déterminées de manière répétée. L'effet du temps a été exploré par des two-way ANOVA pour mesures répétées. Les comparaisons post-hoc ont été réalisées avec des tests de Dunnett's ou de Scheffe. Les modifications de composition membranaires ainsi que les AUC ont été analysées par des tests non-paramétriques (Kruskal-Wallis). Résultats Après LPS, la température, les concentrations d'ACTH et TNF-α ont augmenté dans les 3 groupes. Ces réponse ont été significativement atténuées (p<0.0001) par l'huile de poisson comparé à ce que nous avions observé dans le groupe contrôle de Pluess et al (ICM 2007). Les concentrations les plus faibles d'ACTH, de TNF-α, et les AUC les plus basses des températures, ont été observées après une dose unique de 0.2 g/kg de n-3 PUFA administrée 1 heure avant le LPS. Par contre, l'incorporation membranaire d'EPA est dose-dépendante. Conclusions Sachant que la réponse à l'endotoxine est reproductible, cette étude montre que 3 doses différentes d'huile de poisson atténuent de manière différente cette réponse. La perfusion de 0.2 g/kg administrée juste avant l'endotoxine s'est avérée la plus efficace à atténuer la réponse fébrile, les cytokines et les hormones de stress, suggérant une capture de l'endotoxine par l'émulsion lipidique qui se surajoute aux effets systémiques et membranaires.

Impaired chemical coupling of cerebral blood flow is compatible with intact neurological outcome in neonates with perinatal risk factors.

Early detection of pathophysiological factors associated with permanent brain damage is a major issue in neonatal medicine. The aim of our study was to evaluate the significance of the CO2 reactivity of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in neonates with perinatal risk factors. Fourteen ventilated neonates with perinatal risk factors (pathological cardiotocogramm, low cord pH, postpartal encephalopathy) were enrolled into this prospective study. The study was performed 18-123 h after birth. CBF was measured using the noninvasive intravenous 133Xe method. Two measurements were taken with a minimal PaCO2-difference of 5 mm Hg. From the two CBF values the CO2 reactivity was calculated. Outcome was evaluated 1 year after birth. The CBF values at a lower PaCO2 ranged from 6.6 to 115. 2 ml/100 g brain issue/min (median = 18.2) and at a higher PaCO2 level from 7.1 to 125.7 ml/100 g brain tissue/min (median = 18.75). The calculated CO2 reactivity ranged from -9.6 to 6.6% (median 1.1%) change in CBF/mm Hg change in PaCO2. CO2 reactivity correlated with lowest pH (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.02). Two infants died, one of neonatal sepsis, the other of heart failure. Neurological outcome at the age of 1 year was normal in 11 patients, 1 had severe cerebral palsy. From the 12 surviving patients the patient with severe neurological deficit showed the highest CBF values (125.7 ml/100 g/min). Impaired chemical coupling of cerebral blood flow is compatible with intact neurological outcome in neonates with perinatal risk factors. CO2 reactivity in these newborns correlates with the lowest pH and may reflect the severity of perinatal asphyxia.

Constraints on Miocene oceanography and climate in the Western and Central Paratethys: O-, Sr-, and Nd-isotope compositions of marine fish and mammal remains

The Paratethys evolved as a marginal sea during the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny in the Oligo-Miocene. Sediments from the northern Alpine Molasse Basin, the Vienna, and the Pannonian Basins located in the western and central part of the Paratethys thus provide unique information on regional changes in climate and oceanography during a period of active Alpine uplift Oxygen isotope compositions of well-preserved phosphatic fossils recovered from the sediments support deposition under sub-tropical to warm-temperate climate with water temperatures of 14 to 28 degrees C for the Miocene. delta(18)O values of fossil shark teeth are similar to those reported for other Miocene marine sections and, using the best available estimates of their biostratigraphic age, show a variation until the end of the Badenian similar to that reported for composite global record. The (87)Sr/(86)Sr isotope ratios of the fossils follow the global Miocene seawater trend, albeit with a much larger scatter. The deviations of (87)Sr/(86)Sr in the samples from the well-constrained seawater curve are interpreted as due to local input of terrestrially-derived Sr. Contribution of local sources is also reflected in the epsilon(Nd) values, consistent with input from ancient crystalline rocks (e.g., Bohemian Massif and/or Mesozoic sediments with epsilon(Nd) < -9. On the other hand, there is evidence for input from areas with Neogene volcanism as suggested by samples with elevated epsilon(Nd) values >-7. Excluding samples showing local influence on the water column, an average epsilon(Nd) value of -7.9 +/- 0.5 may be inferred for the Miocene Paratethys. This value is indistinguishable from the epsilon(Nd) value of the contemporaneous Indian Ocean, supporting a dominant role of this ocean in the Western and Central Paratethys. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Detection and chemical profiling of medicine counterfeits by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics

Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics has recently become a widespread technique for the analysis of pharmaceutical solid forms. The application presented in this paper is the investigation of counterfeit medicines. This increasingly serious issue involves networks that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Efficient analytical tools are consequently required to fight against it. Quick and reliable authentication means are needed to allow the deployment of measures from the company and the authorities. For this purpose a method in two steps has been implemented here. The first step enables the identification of pharmaceutical tablets and capsules and the detection of their counterfeits. A nonlinear classification method, the Support Vector Machines (SVM), is computed together with a correlation with the database and the detection of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) peaks in the suspect product. If a counterfeit is detected, the second step allows its chemical profiling among former counterfeits in a forensic intelligence perspective. For this second step a classification based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation distance measurements is applied to the Raman spectra of the counterfeits.

First systematic chemical profiling of cocaine police seizures in Finland in the framework of an intelligence-led approach

For the first time in Finland, the chemical profiling of cocaine specimens was performed at the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). The main goals were to determine the chemical composition of cocaine specimens sold in the Finnish market and to study the distribution networks of cocaine in order to provide intelligence related to its trafficking. An analytical methodology enabling through one single GC-MS injection the determination of the added cutting agents (adulterants and diluents), the cocaine purity and the chemical profile (based on the major and minor alkaloids) for each specimen was thus implemented and validated. The methodology was found to be efficient for the discrimination between specimens coming from the same source and specimens coming from different sources. The results highlighted the practical utility of the chemical profiling, especially for supporting the investigation through operational intelligence and improving the knowledge related to the cocaine trafficking through strategic intelligence.

NMR chemical shifts of the rhodopsin chromophore in the dark state and in bathorhodopsin: a hybrid QM/MM molecular dynamics study.

We investigate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of the rhodopsin chromophore in the dark state of the protein and in the early photointermediate bathorhodopsin via first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and NMR chemical shift calculations in a hybrid quantum/classical (QM/MM) framework. NMR parameters are particularly sensitive to structural properties and to the chemical environment, which allows us to address different questions about the retinal chromophore in situ. Our calculations show that both the 13C and the 1H NMR chemical shifts are rather insensitive to the protonation state of Glu181, an ionizable amino acid side chain located in the vicinity of the isomerizing 11-cis bond. Thus, other techniques should be better suited to establish its protonation state. The calculated chemical shifts for bathorhodopsin further support our previously published theoretical structure, which is in very good agreement with more recent X-ray data.