The Swiss Business Elite (1980-2000): How the Changing Composition of the Elite Explains the Decline of the Swiss Company Network

In this paper we analyse the decline of the Swiss corporate network between 1980 and 2000. We address the theoretical and methodological challenge of this transformation by the use of a combination of network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Based on a sample of top managers of the 110 largest Swiss companies in 1980 and 2000 we show that, beyond an adjustment to structural pressure, an explanation of the decline of the network has to include the strategies of the fractions of the business elites. We reveal that three factors contribute crucially to the decline of the Swiss corporate network: the managerialization of industrial leaders, the marginalization of law degree holders and the influx of hardly connected foreign managers.

Increasing prevalence of gastroschisis in Europe 1980-2002: a phenomenon restricted to younger mothers?

Gastroschisis is an abdominal wall defect more prevalent in offspring of young mothers. It is known to be increasing in prevalence despite the general decrease in the proportion of births to young European women. We investigated whether the increase in prevalence was restricted to the high-risk younger mothers. We analysed 936 cases of gastroschisis from 25 population-based registries in 15 European countries, 1980-2002. We fitted a Bayesian Hierarchical Model which allowed us to estimate trend, to estimate which registries were significantly different from the common distribution, and to adjust simultaneously for maternal age, time (in grouped years) and the random variation between registries. The maternal age-standardised prevalence (standardised to the year 2000 European maternal age structure) increased almost fourfold from 0.54 [95% Credible Interval (CrI) 0.37, 0.75] per 10,000 births in 1980-84 to 2.12 [95% CrI 1.85, 2.40] per 10,000 births in 2000-02. The relative risk of gastroschisis for mothers <20 years of age in 1995-2002 was 7.0 [95% CrI 5.6, 8.7]. There were geographical differences within Europe, with higher rates of gastroschisis in the UK, and lower rates in Italy after adjusting for maternal age. After standardising for regional variation, our results showed that the increase in risk over time was the same for mothers of all ages--the increase for mothers <20 years was 3.96-fold compared with an increase of 3.95-fold for mothers in the other age groups. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of increasing gastroschisis prevalence is not restricted to younger mothers only.

Adaptation du "GROUPER" aux statistiques médicales VESKA (1980-1986)

Le présent cahier qui termine une série consacrée à l'adaptation du "grouper" aux statistiques médicales VESKA des années 1980-1986, a pour but de donner une vue d'ensemble des procédures nécessaires à cette adaptation.

Les contributions d'entretien entre époux divorcés de 1907 à nos jours : influence réciproque du droit du mariage, du droit du divorce et du principe d'égalité

INTRODUCTION De nos jours, le divorce est devenu un événement courant de la vie conjugale. Un des sujets qui restent au coeur de la polémique dans le domaine du droit du divorce depuis toujours, est celui de la contribution d'entretien après divorce. En effet, il s'agit de savoir dans quelles circonstances l'ancien conjoint (épouse ou époux) peut prétendre au maintien de l'entretien auquel il avait droit durant le beau et bon temps du mariage de la part de son ex-partenaire. Pour se convaincre de la complexité des problèmes que la dissolution de l'union conjugale peut créer, il suffit de parcourir la masse des décisions des différents tribunaux en la matière. Quant à l'actualité de la question, on peut simplement observer le nombre de divorces qui va croissant chaque année. Le demandeur peut être aussi bien l'ex-épouse que l'ex-époux ; c'est cette constatation qui a fondé notre démarche et qui est le fil conducteur de ce travail. Mais, alors qu'initialement nous nous demandions si un homme pouvait réellement être dans la situation de l'époux demandeur, notre réflexion s'est peu à peu orientée dans une direction différente et une autre question s'est profilée : qu'en est-il dans les faits de l'égalité acceptée juridiquement et intégrée dans les textes de loi ? La présente thèse examine l'évolution opérée parallèlement dans trois domaines qui s'influencent réciproquement : le droit du mariage, le droit du divorce et le principe constitutionnel de l'égalité. En effet, la révision constitutionnelle qui a abouti à l'adoption en 1981 du principe explicite de l'égalité entre homme et femme, a conduit à certaines modifications législatives. C'est ainsi que ce principe constitutionnel a été, par exemple, concrétisé dans le domaine du droit du mariage en 1984. Il a, par la même occasion, contribué au bouleversement du petit monde traditionnel familial et du système légal qui le soutenait. Nous avons donc analysé les conséquences que cette réforme législative a entraînées au sein du couple, et plus précisément, lors de sa désunion. Le présent travail consacre une partie à chacune des étapes qui a permis de faire évoluer ce domaine du droit si controversé qu'est la contribution d'entretien après divorce. Ainsi, la première partie montre l'influence de la situation de la femme sur les règles régissant le mariage en 1984 : alors que son statut était imprégné des principes patriarcaux justifiant, en 1907, une distribution législative traditionnelle des rôles au sein de l'union conjugale, la femme a, en 1984, été placée devant le même rôle que son mari. Ce titre premier s'intéresse donc à la réforme du droit du mariage entrée en vigueur en 1988 et qui va servir de cadre au bouleversement ultérieur qu'est la révision du droit du divorce. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié le droit du divorce tel qu'il ressortait du Code civil adopté en 1907 jusqu'à sa révision en 1998. Notre étude a donc porté sur les conditions essentielles que le Code d'Eugen Huber imposait pour obtenir une prestation lors de la dissolution des liens du mariage, ainsi que sur l'articulation entre les deux dispositions clés dans ce domaine : les articles 151 et 152 CC 1907. Cette analyse est divisée en deux sous-chapitres qui illustrent l'influence de la révision du droit du mariage de 1984 sur le droit du divorce de 1907. Le premier sous-chapitre examine ainsi les règles régissant la dissolution de l'union conjugale au regard du droit du mariage de 1907 jusqu'à sa révision entrée en vigueur en 1988; le second sous-chapitre porte sur ces mêmes règles de 1988 à 2000 (date de l'entrée en vigueur du nouveau droit du divorce) mais sous un nouvel éclairage, puisque le nouveau droit du mariage et ses nouveaux principes s'appliquent en marge du droit du divorce de 1907. La question se pose de savoir quelle a été l'influence réelle de la réforme de 1984, elle-même marquée par la modification constitutionnelle de 1981, sur le droit du divorce qui date, lui, de 1907 et qui a alors été adopté dans un contexte différent et baigné d'anciens principes traditionnels. En effet, qu'en est-il du droit aux prestations des articles 151 et 152 CC 1907 justifiées par le modèle traditionnel de répartition des tâches, dans un système basé sur la libre attribution des rôles au sein du couple ? Quelles sont les conséquences juridiques de l'indifférenciation des rôles masculin et féminin au sein de l'entité familiale ? Enfin, la troisième partie est consacrée à l'étude du nouveau droit du divorce de 1998, entré en vigueur en l'an 2000. Cette réforme suit l'évolution qui a eu lieu dans le domaine du droit de la famille ; elle a été en quelque sorte imposée par les différents développements législatifs de notre société. Nous nous trouvons ainsi face à de nouvelles interrogations : qu'en est-il des traditions familiales actuelles dans la pratique ? Qu'en est-il de l'évolution du principe constitutionnel de l'égalité et de son application dans les nouveaux droits du mariage et du divorce sous l'angle des contributions d'entretien ?

Patterns and trends in esophageal cancer mortality and incidence in Europe (1980-2011) and predictions to 2015

BACKGROUND: Over the last few decades, esophageal cancer incidence and mortality trends varied substantially across Europe, with important differences between sexes and the two main histological subtypes, squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: To monitor recent esophageal cancer mortality trends and to compute short-term predictions in the European Union (EU) and selected European countries, we analyzed data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for 1980-2011. We also analyzed incidence trends and relative weights of ESCC and EAC across Europe using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. RESULTS: Long-term decreasing trends were observed for male esophageal cancer mortality in several southern and western European countries, whereas in central Europe mortality increased until the mid-1990s and started to stabilize or decline over the last years. In some eastern and northern countries, the rates were still increasing. Mortality among European women remained comparatively low and showed stable or decreasing trends in most countries. Between 2000-2004 and 2005-2009, esophageal cancer mortality declined by 7% (from 5.34 to 4.99/100 000) in EU men, and by 3% (from 1.12 to 1.09/100 000) in EU women. Predictions to 2015 show persistent declines in mortality rates for men in the EU overall, and stable rates for EU women, with rates for 2015 of 4.5/100 000 men (about 22 300 deaths) and 1.1/100 000 women (about 7400 deaths). In northern Europe, EAC is now the predominant histological type among men, while for European women ESCC is more common and corresponding rates are still increasing in several countries. CONCLUSION(S): The observed trends reflect the variations in alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and overweight across European countries.

Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980.

BACKGROUND: After a peak in the late 1980s, cancer mortality in Europe has declined by ∼10% in both sexes up to the early 2000s. We provide an up-to-date picture of patterns and trends in mortality from major cancers in Europe. METHODS: We analyzed cancer mortality data from the World Health Organization for 25 cancer sites and 34 European countries (plus the European Union, EU) in 2005-2009. We computed age-standardized rates (per 100 000 person-years) using the world standard population and provided an overview of trends since 1980 for major European countries, using joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Cancer mortality in the EU steadily declined since the late 1980s, with reductions by 1.6% per year in 2002-2009 in men and 1% per year in 1993-2009 in women. In western Europe, rates steadily declined over the last two decades for stomach and colorectal cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemias in both sexes, breast and (cervix) uterine cancer in women, and testicular cancer in men. In central/eastern Europe, mortality from major cancer sites has been increasing up to the late 1990s/early 2000s. In most Europe, rates have been increasing for lung cancer in women and for pancreatic cancer and soft tissue sarcomas in both sexes, while they have started to decline over recent years for multiple myeloma. In 2005-2009, there was still an over twofold difference between the highest male cancer mortality in Hungary (235.2/100 000) and the lowest one in Sweden (112.9/100 000), and a 1.7-fold one in women (from 124.4 in Denmark to 71.0/100 000 in Spain). CONCLUSIONS: With the major exceptions of female lung cancer and pancreatic cancer in both sexes, in the last quinquennium, cancer mortality has moderately but steadily declined across Europe. However, substantial differences across countries persist, requiring targeted interventions on risk factor control, early diagnosis, and improved management and pharmacological treatment for selected cancer sites.

Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980-2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype.

Gastric cancer incidence and mortality decreased substantially over the last decades in most countries worldwide, with differences in the trends and distribution of the main topographies across regions. To monitor recent mortality trends (1980-2011) and to compute short-term predictions (2015) of gastric cancer mortality in selected countries worldwide, we analysed mortality data provided by the World Health Organization. We also analysed incidence of cardia and non-cardia cancers using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (2003-2007). The joinpoint regression over the most recent calendar periods gave estimated annual percent changes (EAPC) around -3% for the European Union (EU) and major European countries, as well as in Japan and Korea, and around -2% in North America and major Latin American countries. In the United States of America (USA), EU and other major countries worldwide, the EAPC, however, were lower than in previous years. The predictions for 2015 show that a levelling off of rates is expected in the USA and a few other countries. The relative contribution of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancers to the overall number of cases varies widely, with a generally higher proportion of cardia cancers in countries with lower gastric cancer incidence and mortality rates (e.g. the USA, Canada and Denmark). Despite the favourable mortality trends worldwide, in some countries the declines are becoming less marked. There still is the need to control Helicobacter pylori infection and other risk factors, as well as to improve diagnosis and management, to further reduce the burden of gastric cancer.

Trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma in Europe, 1980-2004.

Upward trends in mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were recently reported in the United States and Japan. Comprehensive analyses of most recent data for European countries are not available. Age-standardized (world standard) HCC rates per 100,000 (at all ages, at age 20-44, and age 45-59 years) were computed for 23 European countries over the period 1980-2004 using data from the World Health Organization. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify significant changes in trends, and annual percent change were computed. Male overall mortality from HCC increased in Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and other western countries, while it significantly decreased over recent years in countries such as France and Italy, which had large upward trends until the mid-1990s. In the early 2000s, among countries allowing distinction between HCC and other liver cancers, the highest HCC rates in men were in France (6.8/100,000), Italy (6.7), and Switzerland (5.9), whereas the lowest ones were in Norway (1.0), Ireland (0.8), and Sweden (0.7). In women, a slight increase in overall HCC mortality was observed in Spain and Switzerland, while mortality decreased in several other European countries, particularly since the mid-1990s. In the early 2000s, female HCC mortality rates were highest in Italy (1.9/100,000), Switzerland (1.8), and Spain (1.5) and lowest in Greece, Ireland, and Sweden (0.3). In most countries, trends at age 45-59 years were consistent with overall ones, whereas they were more favorable at age 20-44 years in both sexes. CONCLUSION: HCC mortality remains largely variable across Europe. Favorable trends were observed in several European countries mainly over the last decade, particularly in women and in young adults.