Earthquake impacts in old-growth Nothofagus forests in New Zealand

Six stands located on different land forms in mixed old-growth Nothofagus forests in the Matiri Valley (northwest of South Island. New Zealand) were sampled to examine the effects of two recent large earthquakes on tree establishment and tree-ring growth, and how these varied across land forms. 50 trees were cor ed in each stand to determine age structure and the cores were cross-dated to precisely date unusual periods of radial growth. The 1968 earthquake (M = 7.1, epicentre 35 km from the study area) had no discernible impact on the sampled stands. The impact of the 1929 earthquake (M = 7.7, epicentre 20 kin from the study area) varied between stands, depending on whether or not they had been damaged by soil or rock movement. In all stands, the age structures showed a pulse of N. fusca establishment following the 1929 earthquake, with this species dominating establishment in large gaps created by landslides. Smaller gaps, created by branch or tree death, were closed by both N. fusca and N. menziesii. The long period of releases (1929-1945) indicates that direct earthquake damage was not the only cause of tree death, and that many trees died subsequently most likely of pathogen attack or a drought in the early 1930s. The impacts of the 1929 earthquake are compared to a storm in 1905 and a drought in 1974-1978 which also affected forests in the region. Our results confirm that earthquakes are an important factor driving forest dynamics in this tectonically active region, and that the diversity of earthquake impacts is a major source of heterogeneity in forest structure and regeneration.

Volochinov en contexte : essai d'épistémologie historique

Valentin N. Volochinov (1895-1936), un des amis de Mikhaïl Bakhtine, a longtemps été considéré par certains chercheurs du domaine des études bakhtiniennes comme le prête-nom de ce dernier ; les oeuvres de Volochinov et de Bakhtine ont souvent été reçues comme émanant d'un seul et même projet scientifique. Ce livre donne de Volochinov une image radicalement nouvelle. D'une part, on montre en quoi il est un auteur totalement indépendant de Bakhtine. D'autre part, on analyse les sources de ses textes - livres et articles - en les replaçant dans le contexte, peu connu du public francophone, de la vie intellectuelle russe d'avant et après la Révolution d'Octobre. Sont étudiés le type de sociologie et de critique marxiste de l'idéologie qui s'est diffusé en Russie avec Lénine, Plékhanov, Bogdanov et Boukharine, la réception du Cours de linguistique générale de Saussure et de la psychanalyse de Freud, les apports de la psychologie expérimentale et des travaux de De Roberty et de Sorokine en sciences humaines, que l'on retrouve à l'origine des premières théories de l'interaction verbale et de la parole dans la vie quotidienne. On rend ainsi à Volochinov, outre l'originalité et la cohérence de sa pensée, l'énergie roborative de son engagement scientifique, qui culminera en 1929 avec Marxisme et philosophie du langage

Clinical Implications of CD8+ T-cell infiltration in frequent and rare cancers.

Recent studies of cancer patients revealed high diversity in oncogenic mechanisms, leading to increased treatment individualization for subgroups of patients with frequent cancers. A similar development may not be possible for patients with rare cancers, such as Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Finding shared disease mechanisms may open new options to understanding and treating such tumors. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are frequently associated with favorable clinical outcome in a remarkably large spectrum of cancers. In this issue, Afanasiev et al. suggest a mechanism that may hinder the tumor homing of CD8+ T cells in MCC patients. It is possible that therapeutic mobilization of anti-cancer T cells may be useful in patients who share this specific immune biological feature.