Posttraumatic stress avoidance symptoms as mediators in the development of alcohol use disorders after exposure to childhood sexual abuse in a Swiss community sample.

This study examined the role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal in the relationship between different types of trauma and alcohol use disorders (AUD). We used data from 731 trauma-exposed individuals who participated in the first wave of the PsyCoLaus-study. Trauma characteristics were assessed relatively to the occurrence of lifetime PTSD symptoms and AUD. The results suggest that lifetime and childhood sexual abuse as well as overall childhood trauma were directly linked to AUD and PTSD symptoms, in particular to avoidance symptoms. From single symptom clusters PTSD avoidance was found to specifically mediate the trauma-AUD pathway. Both childhood and sexual trauma strongly contribute to the comorbidity of PTSD and AUD and avoidance-type symptoms appear to play a central role in maintaining this association. Hence, the alleviation of avoidance symptoms might be an important target for therapeutic intervention among victims of sexual abuse before specific addiction treatment is initiated.

Quantifying insufficient coping behavior under chronic stress. A cross-cultural study of 1,303 students from Italy, Spain, and Argentina.

The question of how to quantify insufficient coping behavior under chronic stress is of major clinical relevance. In fact, chronic stress increasingly dominates modern work conditions and can affect nearly every system of the human body, as suggested by physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral symptoms. Since freshmen students experience constantly high levels of stress due to tight schedules and frequent examinations, we carried out a 3-center study of 1,303 students from Italy, Spain and Argentina in order to develop socioculturally independent means for quantifying coping behavior. The data analysis relied on 2 self-report questionnaires: the Coping Strategies Inventory (COPE) for the assessment of coping behavior and the Zurich Health Questionnaire which assesses consumption behavior and general health dimensions. A neural network approach was used to determine the structural properties inherent in the COPE instrument. Our analyses revealed 2 highly stable, socioculturally independent scales that reflected basic coping behavior in terms of the personality traits activity-passivity and defeatism-resilience. This replicated previous results based on Swiss and US-American data. The percentage of students exhibiting insufficient coping behavior was very similar across the study sites (11.5-18.0%). Given their stability and validity, the newly developed scales enable the quantification of basic coping behavior in a cost-efficient and reliable way, thus clearing the way for the early detection of subjects with insufficient coping skills under chronic stress who may be at risk of physical or mental health problems.

Exploring the path through which career adaptability increases job satisfaction and lowers work stress : the role of affect

The construct of career adaptability, or the ability to successfully manage one's career development and challenges, predicts several important outcomes; however, little is known about the mechanisms contributing to its positive effects. The present study investigated the impact of career adaptability on job satisfaction and work stress, as mediated by individuals' affective states. Using a representative sample of 1671 individuals employed in Switzerland we hypothesized that, over time, career adaptability amplifies job satisfaction and attenuates work stress, through higher positive affect and lower negative affect, respectively. The data resulted from the first three waves of a longitudinal project on professional paths conducted in Switzerland. For each wave, participants completed a survey. Results of the 3-wave cross-lagged longitudinal model show that employees with higher career adaptability at Time 1 indeed experienced at Time 3 higher job satisfaction and lower work stress than those with lower career adaptability. The effect of career adaptability on job satisfaction and work stress was accounted for by negative affect: Individuals higher on career adaptability experienced less negative affect, which led to lower levels of stress and higher levels of job satisfaction, beyond previous levels of job satisfaction and work stress. Overall results support the conception of career adaptability as a self-regulatory resource that may promote a virtuous cycle in which individuals' evaluations of their resources to cope with the environment (i.e., career adaptability) shape their affective states, which in turn influence the evaluations of their job.

The caspase-3-p120-RasGAP module generates a NF-κB repressor in response to cellular stress.

The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor is a master regulator of inflammation. Short-term NF-κB activation is generally beneficial. However, sustained NF-κB might be detrimental, directly causing apoptosis of cells or leading to a persistent damaging inflammatory response. NF-κB activity in stressed cells needs therefore to be controlled for homeostasis maintenance. In mildly stressed cells, caspase-3 cleaves p120 RasGAP, also known as RASA1, into an N-terminal fragment, which we call fragment N. We show here that this fragment is a potent NF-κB inhibitor. Fragment N decreases the transcriptional activity of NF-κB by promoting its export from the nucleus. Cells unable to generate fragment N displayed increased NF-κB activation upon stress. Knock-in mice expressing an uncleavable p120 RasGAP mutant showed exaggerated NF-κB activation when their epidermis was treated with anthralin, a drug used for the treatment of psoriasis. Our study provides biochemical and genetic evidence of the importance of the caspase-3-p120-RasGAP stress-sensing module in the control of stress-induced NF-κB activation.

Stress oxydant chez l'enfant prématuré : causes, biomarqueurs et possibilités thérapeutiques [Oxidative stress after preterm birth: Origins, biomarkers, and possible therapeutic approaches].

The survival of preterm babies has increased over the last few decades. However, disorders associated with preterm birth, known as oxygen radical diseases of neonatology, such as retinopathy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, and necrotizing enterocolitis are severe complications related to oxidative stress, which can be defined by an imbalance between oxidative reactive species production and antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage. Preterm infants have decreased antioxidant defenses in response to oxidative challenges, because the physiologic increase of antioxidant capacity occurs at the end of gestation in preparation for the transition to extrauterine life. Therefore, preterm infants are more sensitive to neonatal oxidative stress, notably when supplemental oxygen is being delivered. Furthermore, despite recent advances in the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, controversies persist concerning the oxygenation saturation targets that should be used in caring for preterm babies. Identification of adequate biomarkers of oxidative stress in preterm infants such as 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, and adduction of malondialdehyde to hemoglobin is important to promote specific therapeutic approaches. At present, no therapeutic strategy has been validated as prevention or treatment against oxidative stress. Breastfeeding should be considered as the main measure to improve the antioxidant status of preterm infants. In the last few years, melatonin has emerged as a protective molecule against oxidative stress, with antioxidant and free-radical scavenger roles, in experimental and preliminary human studies, giving hope that it can be used in preterm infants in the near future.

FOXC2 and fluid shear stress stabilize postnatal lymphatic vasculature.

Biomechanical forces, such as fluid shear stress, govern multiple aspects of endothelial cell biology. In blood vessels, disturbed flow is associated with vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and promotes endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, we identified an important role for disturbed flow in lymphatic vessels, in which it cooperates with the transcription factor FOXC2 to ensure lifelong stability of the lymphatic vasculature. In cultured lymphatic endothelial cells, FOXC2 inactivation conferred abnormal shear stress sensing, promoting junction disassembly and entry into the cell cycle. Loss of FOXC2-dependent quiescence was mediated by the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator TAZ and, ultimately, led to cell death. In murine models, inducible deletion of Foxc2 within the lymphatic vasculature led to cell-cell junction defects, regression of valves, and focal vascular lumen collapse, which triggered generalized lymphatic vascular dysfunction and lethality. Together, our work describes a fundamental mechanism by which FOXC2 and oscillatory shear stress maintain lymphatic endothelial cell quiescence through intercellular junction and cytoskeleton stabilization and provides an essential link between biomechanical forces and endothelial cell identity that is necessary for postnatal vessel homeostasis. As FOXC2 is mutated in lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, our data also underscore the role of impaired mechanotransduction in the pathology of this hereditary human disease.

Embryonic gene expression of Coregonus palaea (whitefish) under pathogen stress as analyzed by high-throughput RNA-sequencing.

Most fishes produce free-living embryos that are exposed to environmental stressors immediately following fertilization, including pathogenic microorganisms. Initial immune protection of embryos involves the chorion, as a protective barrier, and maternally-allocated antimicrobial compounds. At later developmental stages, host-genetic effects influence susceptibility and tolerance, suggesting a direct interaction between embryo genes and pathogens. So far, only a few host genes could be identified that correlate with embryonic survival under pathogen stress in salmonids. Here, we utilized high-throughput RNA-sequencing in order to describe the transcriptional response of a non-model fish, the Alpine whitefish Coregonus palaea, to infection, both in terms of host genes that are likely manipulated by the pathogen, and those involved in an early putative immune response. Embryos were produced in vitro, raised individually, and exposed at the late-eyed stage to a virulent strain of the opportunistic fish pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens. The pseudomonad increased embryonic mortality and affected gene expression substantially. For example, essential, upregulated metabolic pathways in embryos under pathogen stress included ion binding pathways, aminoacyl-tRNA-biosynthesis, and the production of arginine and proline, most probably mediated by the pathogen for its proliferation. Most prominently downregulated transcripts comprised the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the citrate cycle, and various isoforms of b-cell transcription factors. These factors have been shown to play a significant role in host blood cell differentiation and renewal. With regard to specific immune functions, differentially expressed transcripts mapped to the complement cascade, MHC class I and II, TNF-alpha, and T-cell differentiation proteins. The results of this study reveal insights into how P. fluorescens impairs the development of whitefish embryos and set a foundation for future studies investigating host pathogen interactions in fish embryos.

The activity of the anti-apoptotic fragment generated by the caspase-3/p120 RasGAP stress-sensing module displays strict Akt isoform specificity.

The caspase-3/p120 RasGAP module acts as a stress sensor that promotes pro-survival or pro-death signaling depending on the intensity and the duration of the stressful stimuli. Partial cleavage of p120 RasGAP generates a fragment, called fragment N, which protects stressed cells by activating Akt signaling. Akt family members regulate many cellular processes including proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and metabolism. These cellular processes are regulated by three distinct Akt isoforms: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. However, which of these isoforms are required for fragment N mediated protection have not been defined. In this study, we investigated the individual contribution of each isoform in fragment N-mediated cell protection against Fas ligand induced cell death. To this end, DLD1 and HCT116 isogenic cell lines lacking specific Akt isoforms were used. It was found that fragment N could activate Akt1 and Akt2 but that only the former could mediate the protective activity of the RasGAP-derived fragment. Even overexpression of Akt2 or Akt3 could not rescue the inability of fragment N to protect cells lacking Akt1. These results demonstrate a strict Akt isoform requirement for the anti-apoptotic activity of fragment N.

Etat de stress post-traumatique : quel type de psychothérapie proposer? : Revue cochrane pour le praticien

L'état de stress post-traumatique (ESPT) apparaît dans les mois qui suivent un ou plusieurs événements potentiellement traumatiques (EPT) (par exemple, guerre, violences, accidents, chirurgie invasive). Les symptômes comprennent des souvenirs intrusifs, des cauchemars, un évitement et des émotions négatives (par exemple, honte, culpabilité, perte d'espoir, sentiment d'étrangeté), ainsi qu'une hypervigilance. Sous-diagnostiqué et sous-traité, l'ESPT a un impact négatif sur la qualité de vie et le fonctionnement des patients. Sa prévalence en Suisse est de 0,7 % (plus élevée dans certaines populations, par exemple, 13 % chez les hommes requérants d'asile déboutés). L'approche psychothérapeutique est centrale dans la prise en charge, un traitement médicamenteux pouvant également être utile. Cette revue (systématique) cherche à actualiser les connaissances sur l'efficacité des psychothérapies pour le traitement de l'ESPT.

Prévention de l'état de stress post-traumatique : efficacité des interventions pharmacologiques ? : Revue cochrane pour le praticien

Après un ou plusieurs événements potentiellement traumatisants (EPT), tels qu'accidents, mort inattendue d'une personne aimée, chirurgie invasive, guerre, violences physiques et sexuelles par exemple, certaines personnes peuvent développer un état de stress posttraumatique (ESPT). Elles ont l'impression de revivre le traumatisme et présentent des comportements d'évitement, une hyperexcitation ainsi que des émotions négatives. L'ESPT est associé à une réduction de la qualité de vie des patients concernéset a un impact majeur sur leur fonctionnement. Son coût économique est également important. Sa prévalence varie en Europe de 0,6 à 6,7 %. En Suisse, elle est estimée à 0,7 % mais peut atteindre des niveaux beaucoup plus élevés selon les populations ; 13 % des hommes demandeurs d'asile déboutés souffrent d'ESPT par exemple. Des études suggèrent que des changements cérébraux d'hormones de stress peuvent contribuer à l'ESPT. Cette revue systématique cherche à déterminer si la prescription d'une médication active au niveau cérébral est susceptible de prévenir l'apparition d'un ESPT.

Entraînement à faire face au stress professionnel pour les personnes avec un retard intellectuel : une étude pilote / Training to cope with workplace stress for people with mild intellectual disability: a pilot study

Cette étude pilote cherche à tester la faisabilité de l'entraînement à la cohérence cardiaque avec des personnes atteintes d'un retard intellectuel dans le cadre d'un atelier protégé. Un entraînement à la cohérence cardiaque est proposé aux participants volontaires pour une durée de deux semaines à la prise de travail, matin et après-midi. Une appréciation des effets de ces exercices respiratoires est effectuée avant et après entraînement par la mesure d'indices de variabilité cardiaque et une évaluation de la perception du stress professionnel. La comparaison des valeurs récoltées pré et post-entraînement révèle une amélioration significative dans l'activation de la branche parasympathique. L'évaluation des valeurs du RMSSD sont inversement corrélées à l'évaluation des participants de leurs stress perçu. Ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que la population atteinte de retard intellectuel est réceptive à l'apprentissage de la cohérence cardiaque et que la baisse de leur stress est liée à une hausse de l'activité inhibitrice parasympathique, plutôt qu'à une diminution de l'activité excitatrice sympathique. Les considérations offertes par cette étude exploratoire doivent être étayées, mais permettent d'ores et déjà d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans la prise en charge de populations pour lesquelles la gestion du stress est mal adaptée.

Oxidative stress in gastric mucosa of asymptomatic humans infected with Helicobacter pylori: effect of bacterial eradication.

BACKGROUND: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) are positive in approximately 50% of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases but it is not clear whether oxidative stress is also present in H. pylori asymptomatic humans. Our aim was to study the expression of iNOS, superoxide dismutase, catalase and IL-8 production in H. pylori-infected asymptomatic humans, and to investigate the effect of eradication of H. pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsies of corpus and antrum of asymptomatic H. pylori positive and negative humans served for determination of the gastritis score and H. pylori status; iNOS was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and superoxide dismutase and catalase by immunohistochemistry. IL-8 in biopsies was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Immunostaining of iNOS, catalase and superoxide dismutase was significantly associated with H. pylori infection and was localized to inflammatory cells. IL-8 concentrations were greater in the H. pylori positive than H. pylori negative group and decreased after bacterial eradication. A decrease in staining for iNOS and catalase was observed after H. pylori eradication. CONCLUSIONS: INOS and antioxidant enzymes are present in gastric biopsies of asymptomatic H. pylori positive humans. Eradication caused a significant decrease in staining for iNOS and catalase. These results indicate that oxidative stress occurs in asymptomatic patients and can be modulated by H. pylori eradication.

An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease modulates constitutive eIF2α dephosphorylation to trigger a specific integrated stress response.

Inhibitors of the HIV aspartyl protease [HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs)] are the cornerstone of treatment for HIV. Beyond their well-defined antiretroviral activity, these drugs have additional effects that modulate cell viability and homeostasis. However, little is known about the virus-independent pathways engaged by these molecules. Here we show that the HIV-PI Nelfinavir decreases translation rates and promotes a transcriptional program characteristic of the integrated stress response (ISR). Mice treated with Nelfinavir display hallmarks of this stress response in the liver, including α subunit of translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation, activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) induction, and increased expression of known downstream targets. Mechanistically, Nelfinavir-mediated ISR bypassed direct activation of the eIF2α stress kinases and instead relied on the inhibition of the constitutive eIF2α dephosphorylation and down-regulation of the phophatase cofactor CReP (Constitutive Repressor of eIF2α Phosphorylation; also known as PPP1R15B). These findings demonstrate that the modulation of eIF2α-specific phosphatase cofactor activity can be a rheostat of cellular homeostasis that initiates a functional ISR and suggest that the HIV-PIs could be repositioned as therapeutics in human diseases to modulate translation rates and stress responses.

Conséquences du stress en période périnatale sur la réponse émotionnelle chez l'enfant prématuré

Problématique: Les naissances prématurées sont des situations cliniques à risque pour l'enfant. Celui-ci arrive au monde avec une capacité amoindrie à être autonome, que ce soit, par exemple, au niveau respiratoire ou de la régulation thermique. Lors de leur séjour aux soins intensifs, les enfants prématurés subissent des interventions qui peuvent être douloureuses, ils sont souvent manipulés et exposés à des bruits et des lumières intenses; ceci peut induire un stress important pour l'enfant qui est déjà vulnérable du fait de sa prématurité. Lorsque confronté à une situation stressante, l'organisme humain réagit par l'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-surrénalien (HHS). Une des hormones principales sécrétées par l'axe HHS est le cortisol. Plusieurs études suggèrent que le cortisol, lorsque sécrété en quantités importantes, risque d'altérer la matière grise, en induisant une diminution de volume, notamment celui de l'hippocampe (Plotsky & Meaney, 1993; Sapolsky, 2000; McEwen, 1994; 2000; Sandman et al., 1994; Meaney et al., 1991;1996). Ces altérations auraient comme effet un dérèglement de l'axe HHS (Heim & Nemeroff, 1999) avec comme conséquence une variation de la réponse au stress mais aussi de la mémoire et de la régulation émotionnelle (Stam et al., 2000 et Siegel, 1998). Objectifs: Nous allons nous intéresser aux grands prématurés nés à moins de 32 semaines de gestations selon leur exposition à des interventions stressantes et douloureuses ou des complications postnatales. Nous allons étudier l'impact qu'un stress modéré ou sévère sur un prématuré a sur la réponse de l'axe HHS et sur sa régulation émotionnelle lorsque celui-ci est confronté à des situations de stress modéré ultérieurement, plus précisément à six mois d'age corrigé. Méthodologie: Dans le cadre de l'étude «Stress néonatal et réactivité au stress ultérieur: effets préventifs d'une intervention précoce» (SNF 3200 BO-104230) menée au SUPEA en collaboration avec le service de néonatologie du DMCP, le Lab-TAB (Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery, prelocomotor version 3.1, Goldsmith & Rothbart, 1999) a été utilisé comme outil pour analyser le tempérament d'un enfant par l'analyse de ses réactions émotionnelles à certaines situations. L'enfant, qui était filmé, a été confronté à des mises en scène conçues pour susciter diverses émotions comme la peur, la colère, la frustration, la curiosité ou le plaisir. Un système de codage dérivé de celui du Lab-TAB sera utilisé par deux codeurs différents pour analyser les réactions émotionnelles des enfants. Les taux de cortisol sécrétés ont été mesurés dans la salive de l'enfant. La mesure du cortisol libre dans la salive montre une bonne corrélation avec le cortisol plasmatique ; plusieurs prélèvements de salive ont été faits avant, pendant et après la situation de stress. Les situations filmées n'ont pas encore été codés, ni les taux analysés par l'équipe de la SUPEA. Nous allons observer 40 vidéos, 20 d'enfants nés prématurément et 20 d'enfants nés à terme comme groupe contrôle, et examiner la réponse endocrinienne au stress ainsi que leur régulation émotionnelle au niveau de leur comportement comme l'excitation, les pleurs, l'évitement... Hypothèse : L'intensité de l'exposition au stress postnatal chez l'enfant prématuré induirait des variations de la réponse de l'axe HHS mais aussi de la régulation émotionnelle. Il n'est pas clair selon la littérature actuelle si les variations des réponses de l'axe HHS dues à l'exposition à un stress précoce vont dans les sens de l'hypo- ou l'hyperréactivité, et si cette réponse corrèle avec la régulation émotionnelle au niveau des comportements. C'est ce que l'analyse des données nous permettra de déterminer.