Social inequalities of functioning and perceived health in Switzerland: a representative cross-sectional analysis.

Many people worldwide live with a disability, i.e. limitations in functioning. The prevalence is expected to increase due to demographic change and the growing importance of non-communicable disease and injury. To date, many epidemiological studies have used simple dichotomous measures of disability, even though the WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) provides a multi-dimensional framework of functioning. We aimed to examine associations of socio-economic status (SES) and social integration in 3 core domains of functioning (impairment, pain, limitations in activity and participation) and perceived health. We conducted a secondary analysis of representative cross-sectional data of the Swiss Health Survey 2007 including 10,336 female and 8,424 male Swiss residents aged 15 or more. Guided by a theoretical ICF-based model, 4 mixed effects Poisson regressions were fitted in order to explain functioning and perceived health by indicators of SES and social integration. Analyses were stratified by age groups (15-30, 31-54, ≥55 years). In all age groups, SES and social integration were significantly associated with functional and perceived health. Among the functional domains, impairment and pain were closely related, and both were associated with limitations in activity and participation. SES, social integration and functioning were related to perceived health. We found pronounced social inequalities in functioning and perceived health, supporting our theoretical model. Social factors play a significant role in the experience of health, even in a wealthy country such as Switzerland. These findings await confirmation in other, particularly lower resourced settings.

Transitoriness in cancer patients: a cross-sectional survey of lung and gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Despite earlier diagnosis and advancements in treatment, cancer remains a leading cause of death in the world (13% of all deaths according to the World Health Organization) among men and women. Cancer accounts for approximately 20% of the deaths in the USA every year. Here, we report the findings from a cross-sectional survey of psychosocial factors in lung and gastrointestinal cancer patients. The aim of the study was to explore the associations among transitoriness, uncertainty, and locus of control (LOC) with quality of life. Transitoriness is defined as a person's confrontation with life's finitude due to a cancer diagnosis. A total of 126 patients with lung or gastrointestinal cancer completed eight self-reporting questionnaires addressing demographics, spiritual perspective, symptom burden, transitoriness, uncertainty, LOC, and quality of life. Transitoriness, uncertainty, and LOC were significantly associated with one another (r = 0.3267, p = 0.0002/r = 0.1994, p = 0.0252, respectively). LOC/belief in chance has a significant inverse relationship with patients' quality of life (r = -0.2505, p = 0.0047). Transitoriness, uncertainty, and LOC were found to have a significant inverse relationship with patients' quality of life (transitoriness state: r = -0.5363, p = 0.0000/trait: r = -0.4629, p = 0.0000/uncertainty: r = -0.4929, p = 0.0000/internal LOC: r = 0.1759, p = 0.0489/chance LOC: r = -0.2505, p = 0.0047). Transitoriness, uncertainty, and LOC are important concepts as they adversely influence patients' quality of life. Incorporating this finding into the care of cancer patients may provide them with the support they need to cope with treatment and maintenance of a positive quality of life.

Development of a cross-European virtual sample repository and HIV resistance database

BACKGROUND: Several European HIV observational data bases have, over the last decade, accumulated a substantial number of resistance test results and developed large sample repositories, There is a need to link these efforts together, We here describe the development of such a novel tool that allows to bind these data bases together in a distributed fashion for which the control and data remains with the cohorts rather than classic data mergers.METHODS: As proof-of-concept we entered two basic queries into the tool: available resistance tests and available samples. We asked for patients still alive after 1998-01-01, and between 180 and 195 cm of height, and how many samples or resistance tests there would be available for these patients, The queries were uploaded with the tool to a central web server from which each participating cohort downloaded the queries with the tool and ran them against their database, The numbers gathered were then submitted back to the server and we could accumulate the number of available samples and resistance tests.RESULTS: We obtained the following results from the cohorts on available samples/resistance test: EuResist: not availableI11,194; EuroSIDA: 20,71611,992; ICONA: 3,751/500; Rega: 302/302; SHCS: 53,78311,485, In total, 78,552 samples and 15,473 resistance tests were available amongst these five cohorts. Once these data items have been identified, it is trivial to generate lists of relevant samples that would be usefuI for ultra deep sequencing in addition to the already available resistance tests, Saon the tool will include small analysis packages that allow each cohort to pull a report on their cohort profile and also survey emerging resistance trends in their own cohort,CONCLUSIONS: We plan on providing this tool to all cohorts within the Collaborative HIV and Anti-HIV Drug Resistance Network (CHAIN) and will provide the tool free of charge to others for any non-commercial use, The potential of this tool is to ease collaborations, that is, in projects requiring data to speed up identification of novel resistance mutations by increasing the number of observations across multiple cohorts instead of awaiting single cohorts or studies to reach the critical number needed to address such issues.

Cross-sectional analysis of testosterone therapies in hypopituitary men on stable pituitary hormone replacement.

OBJECTIVE: The last decade has seen a proliferation in options for testosterone replacement. However, little is known as to the benefits of different treatment modalities. Our objective was to determine the testosterone prescription pattern and to examine the impact on various outcome measures. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 816 adult-onset hypopituitary males on stable pituitary replacement for at least 1 year were identified from the KIMS database. Patients were classified as either eugonadal (n = 106), or hypogonadal (n = 710) on intramuscular (IM, n = 558), oral (n = 74), transdermal (n = 61), and depot (n = 17) testosterone. RESULTS: After 1 year of stable pituitary replacement therapy, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, GH replacement and quality of life were not significantly different in androgen-replaced hypogonadal patients compared to eugonadal patients. There were no differences in outcome variables within the hypogonadal group according to the testosterone replacement regimen used and no difference in response to GH therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of hypopituitary patients in the last decade have received IM testosterone. Body composition, cardiovascular parameters, GH replacement and quality of life were not different between eugonadal and hypogonadal patients and were not differentially affected by the mode of testosterone replacement. These findings are reassuring that there is no major difference in response to different testosterone replacement regimens.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Body Mass Index and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents in a Country of the African Region.

We assessed the association between several cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) (blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, and glucose) in 390 young adults aged 19-20 years in Seychelles (Indian Ocean, Africa) and body mass index (BMI) measured either at the same time (cross-sectional analysis) or at the age of 12-15 years (longitudinal analysis). BMI tracked markedly between age of 12-15 and age of 19-20. BMI was strongly associated with all considered CRFs in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, with some exceptions. Comparing overweight participants with those having a BMI below the age-specific median, the odds ratios for high blood pressure were 5.4/4.7 (male/female) cross-sectionally and 2.5/3.9 longitudinally (P < 0.05). Significant associations were also found for most other CRFs, with some exceptions. In linear regression analysis including both BMI at age of 12-15 and BMI at age of 19-20, only BMI at age of 19-20 remained significantly associated with most CRFs. We conclude that CRFs are predicted strongly by either current or past BMI levels in adolescents and young adults in this population. The observation that only current BMI remained associated with CRFs when including past and current levels together suggests that weight control at a later age may be effective in reducing CRFs in overweight children irrespective of past weight status.

Cross-scale analysis of the region effect on vascular plant species diversity in southern and northern European mountain ranges.

Background: The divergent glacial histories of southern and northern Europe affect present-day species diversity at coarse-grained scales in these two regions, but do these effects also penetrate to the more fine-grained scales of local communities?Methodology/Principal Findings: We carried out a cross-scale analysis to address this question for vascular plants in two mountain regions, the Alps in southern Europe and the Scandes in northern Europe, using environmentally paired vegetation plots in the two regions (n = 403 in each region) to quantify four diversity components: (i) total number of species occurring in a region (total gamma-diversity), (ii) number of species that could occur in a target plot after environmental filtering (habitat-specific gamma-diversity), (iii) pair-wise species compositional turnover between plots (plot-to-plot beta-diversity) and (iv) number of species present per plot (plot gamma-diversity). We found strong region effects on total gamma-diversity, habitat-specific gamma-diversity and plot-to-plot beta-diversity, with a greater diversity in the Alps even towards distances smaller than 50 m between plots. In contrast, there was a slightly greater plot alpha-diversity in the Scandes, but with a tendency towards contrasting region effects on high and low soil-acidity plots.Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that there are strong regional differences between coarse-grained (landscape- to regional-scale) diversity components of the flora in the Alps and the Scandes mountain ranges,but that these differences do not necessarily penetrate to the finest-grained (plot-scale) diversity component, at least not on acidic soils. Because different processes can lead to a similar pattern, we discuss the consistency of our results with Quaternary history and other divergent features between the two regions such as habitat connectivity, selection for vagility and environmental differences not accounted for in our analyses

Analysis of a finite volume method for a cross-diffusion model in population dynamics

The main goal of this paper is to propose a convergent finite volume method for a reactionâeuro"diffusion system with cross-diffusion. First, we sketch an existence proof for a class of cross-diffusion systems. Then the standard two-point finite volume fluxes are used in combination with a nonlinear positivity-preserving approximation of the cross-diffusion coefficients. Existence and uniqueness of the approximate solution are addressed, and it is also shown that the scheme converges to the corresponding weak solution for the studied model. Furthermore, we provide a stability analysis to study pattern-formation phenomena, and we perform two-dimensional numerical examples which exhibit formation of nonuniform spatial patterns. From the simulations it is also found that experimental rates of convergence are slightly below second order. The convergence proof uses two ingredients of interest for various applications, namely the discrete Sobolev embedding inequalities with general boundary conditions and a space-time $L^1$ compactness argument that mimics the compactness lemma due to Kruzhkov. The proofs of these results are given in the Appendix.

More Money, Fewer Problems? Cross-Level Effects of Economic Deprivation on Political Representation

While equal political representation of all citizens is a fundamental democratic goal, it is hampered empirically in a multitude of ways. This study examines how the societal level of economic inequality affects the representation of relatively poor citizens by parties and governments. Using CSES survey data for citizens' policy preferences and expert placements of political parties, empirical evidence is found that in economically more unequal societies, the party system represents the preferences of relatively poor citizens worse than in more equal societies. This moderating effect of economic equality is also found for policy congruence between citizens and governments, albeit slightly less clear-cut.

Impact of orthologous melan-A peptide immunizations on the anti-self melan-A/HLA-A2 T cell cross-reactivity.

In HLA-A2 individuals, the CD8 T cell response against the differentiation Ag Melan-A is mainly directed toward the peptide Melan-A26-35. The murine Melan-A24-33 sequence encodes a peptide that is identical with the human Melan-A26-35 decamer, except for a Thr-to-Ile substitution at the penultimate position. Here, we show that the murine Melan-A24-33 is naturally processed and presented by HLA-A2 molecules. Based on these findings, we compared the CD8 T cell response to human and murine Melan-A peptide by immunizing HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Even though the magnitude of the CTL response elicited by the murine Melan-A peptide was lower than the one elicited by the human Melan-A peptide, both populations of CTL recognized the corresponding immunizing peptide with the same functional avidity. Interestingly, CTL specific for the murine Melan-A peptide were completely cross-reactive against the orthologous human peptide, whereas anti-human Melan-A CTL recognized the murine Melan-A peptide with lower avidity. Structurally, this discrepancy could be explained by the fact that Ile32 of murine Melan-A24-33 created a larger TCR contact area than Thr34 of human Melan-A26-35. These data indicate that, even if immunizations with orthologous peptides can induce strong specific T cell responses, the quality of this response against syngeneic targets might be suboptimal due to the structure of the peptide-TCR contact surface.

De la stratification sociale à la mobilité : une analyse du positionnement professionnel perçu

Avant-propos : De nombreuses études ont été réalisées sur les inégalités factuelles des structures sociales, comprenant aussi bien l'aspect statique de la stratification sociale que l'aspect dynamique de la mobilité sociale (voir par exemple Levy et Suter, 2002, Lemel, 1991, Erikson et Goldthorpe, 1992, Esping-Andersen, 1993). Par contre, les recherches portant sur la perception, par les acteurs, des inégalités des structures sociales sont en comparaison peu nombreuses en ce qui concerne les représentations de la stratification sociale (Levy et al., 1997, Lorenzi-Cioldi et Joye, 1988, Coxon, Davies et Jones, 1986, Zwicky, 1989) et presque inexistantes dans le cas des représentations de la mobilité sociale (Attias-Donfut et Wolff, 2001). La présente recherche se propose d'étudier simultanément la perception de la stratification sociale et de la mobilité sociale intragénérationnelle par les acteurs en intégrant le caractère multidimensionnel du système d'inégalités. Elle défend la thèse fondamentale d'une double origine des inégalités perçues, qui participeraient à la fois d'aspects macrosociaux et mésosociaux de la stratification sociale, les premiers portant sur la structure sociale dans son ensemble, les seconds sur une partie seulement de celle-ci (voir par exemple Kelley et Evans, 1995, Levy, 2002). Dans une perspective systémique, on se trouverait, à côté de la structure macrosociale, en présence de sous-systèmes mésosociaux, de portée restreinte. La perception de la stratification sociale dépendrait alors du cadre de référence adopté par les acteurs, selon qu'il porte sur le système dans son ensemble ou sur un sous-système. Un des objectifs de cette recherche sera d'établir que la pertinence des cadres de référence macrosocial et mésosocial est étroitement liée à la lecture statique ou dynamique de la stratification sociale. Dans le cas statique, celui du positionnement, les représentations sociales s'articuleraient autour des inégalités macrosociales, tenant compte du système dans son ensemble, tandis que dans le cas dynamique, celui de la mobilité ou de l'évolution du positionnement, les inégalités mésosociales, propres aux sous-systèmes, l'emporteraient. D'une part, la perception du positionnement social dépendrait de l'insertion de l'acteur dans la structure sociale, comprise dans son ensemble, et reproduirait les inégalités factuelles macrosociales, telles qu'elles apparaissent par exemple au travers des catégories socioprofessionnelles. D'autre part, la perception du parcours de mobilité ? conservation, amélioration ou dégradation de la position perçue ? resterait indépendante des changements macrosociaux de l'insertion, mais relèverait avant tout de déterminants propres à l'environnement social immédiat de l'acteur. L'environnement de l'acteur, en tant qu'il s'inscrit dans une partie restreinte de la structure sociale, permettrait de saisir les inégalités mésosociales. L'expérience, par les acteurs, de ces deux aspects de la structure sociale conduirait à la mise en place de deux types d'inégalités perçues irréductibles les unes aux autres dans la mesure où le système macrosocial et les sous-systèmes mésosociaux présentent une certaine autonomie. Cette autonomie peut être vue d'une part en rapport avec l'importance propre des organisations de nature mésosociale - en particulier les entreprises - dans les sociétés contemporaines (Sainsaulieu et Segrestin, 1986, Perrow, 1991), d'autre part en relation avec l'hétérogénéité que ces dernières induisent en termes de segmentation du marché de l'emploi (Baron et Bielby, 1980). Dans une large mesure, les organisations intermédiaires se distinguent ainsi de la structure sociale prise dans son ensemble: plutôt que de reproduire les inégalités macrosociales, elles constitueraient des systèmes d'inégalités indépendants, notamment quant à la régulation des parcours professionnels (Bertaux, 1977). Ainsi, la perception de la structure sociale ne se réduirait pas aux seuls facteurs macrosociaux, mais dépendrait, en l'absence d'un modèle d'organisation mésosocial unique, de la diversité des structures intermédiaires. On peut d'ailleurs supposer que la prise en compte des organisations mésosociales est susceptible de pallier la faiblesse des explications classiques en termes macrosociologiques, relevées par les tenants des thèses avançant le déclin du pouvoir structurant de la stratification sociale ou du travail (voir Levy, 2002 et, sur les thèses citées, par exemple Beck, 1983, Matthes, 1983, Berger et Hradil, 1990, Clark et Lipset, 1991). En effet, dans la mesure où l'acteur serait plus souvent confronté aux structures de son environnement social immédiat plutôt qu'à la structure sociale dans son ensemble, la perception pourrait dépendre en premier lieu de facteurs mésosociaux, susceptibles de supplanter ou, à tout le moins, d'atténuer l'effet des facteurs macrosociaux. Une telle approche permet de conserver une lecture structurelle de la perception du positionnement en enrichissant la relation classique entre structure macrosociale et acteur d'une composante mésosociologique, évitant ainsi le recours à une explication culturelle ad hoc Dès lors, la principale question de recherche s'adresse au lien entre structure sociale factuelle et structure sociale perçue. Dans la perspective statique du positionnement, l'effet des structures mésosociales serait tel qu'il se superposerait à la détermination macrosociale de la perception, sans pour autant subvertir la hiérarchie des positions induites par les catégories socioprofessionnelles. Dans la perspective dynamique, en revanche, les changements liés à l'insertion mésosociale peuvent l'emporter sur l'immobilité ou la mobilité définies en termes macrosociologiques. D'une part, en supposant que les plans mésosocial et macrosocial agissent de manière plus ou moins autonome sur la perception, l'amélioration, la conservation ou la dégradation de la position ne coïncide pas nécessairement selon ces deux plans. D'autre part, l'ampleur de la mobilité perçue due à l'écart entre le positionnement mésosocial passé et actuel peut dépasser celle qui est liée à la mobilité macrosociale, surtout si cette dernière est de faible distance. Le passage de la perspective statique à la perspective dynamique peut dès lors être vu comme un moyen de faire apparaître le rôle fondamental joué par les structures mésosociales au sein de la stratification sociale. L'orientation de la recherche consistera d'abord à mettre en évidence, par-delà les différences macrosociales des représentations des positions professionnelles, les variations de la perception au sein des catégories socioprofessionnelles. Ces étapes montreront, à différents égards, que les représentations se singularisent en relation avec l'insertion mésosociale de l'acteur. On verra également que la perception de la mobilité échappe à une détermination macrosociale, mais qu'elle présente une cohérence mésosociale certaine. Ces résultats, insistant sur la prise en compte des structures mésosociales, nous amèneront enfin à un examen systématique des déterminants de la perception du positionnement et du parcours de mobilité, mettant en oeuvre une variété de facteurs explicatifs dépassant un cadre d'analyse purement structurel. La recherche débute par une discussion de la place qui revient à une étude des représentations du parcours professionnel dans le champ des travaux sur la stratification et la mobilité sociale, en particulier sa justification théorique et empirique, et la formulation des hypothèses de recherche (chapitre 1). Elle se poursuit par la présentation de l'échantillonnage et des variables utilisées (chapitre 2). Le traitement des hypothèses de recherche fait l'objet de trois chapitres distincts. Chaque hypothèse s'accompagne, en plus des développements liés à son examen, d'une introduction et d'une conclusion spécifiques. Le premier (chapitre 3) porte sur la perception de la stratification sociale des positions professionnelles, le second (chapitre 4) sur la perception du parcours de mobilité et le troisième (chapitre 5) sur les déterminants sociologiques de la perception des inégalités liées au positionnement et à la mobilité professionnels. Enfin, au traitement des hypothèses fait suite la conclusion de la recherche (chapitre 6).