"Tu seras Psychologue, ma fille". La transmission intergénérationnelle du choix professionnel : Une co-construction entre parents et enfants.

The aim of the study is to understand how the family influences the choice of becoming a psychologist and how an occupational choice is repeated in the family, via intergenerational transmission. We interviewed seven female students in a Master of Science in Psychology : first, they filled in a genosociogramm including data about occupations of their ancestors on about four generations ; then, they took part into a semi-structured qualitative enquiry. Our results have shown that a little bit less than half of the subjects have a parent who have social or care jobs, but more than half if we add the grand-parents. In a conscious level, subjects tend to deny any kind of family influence, in the majority ; afterwards, they discover influences they didn't notice. Secondly, the content analysis reveals five categories of family influence : the educational path (doubts, choices), the choice of psychology via the development of self-efficacy (interest, personality and soft skills), the exploration of occupations and activities during childhood and adulthood (leisure activities, professional world, suggestions, advice, education), the transmission of values (immaterial and material) and the family relationships during childhood and teenage years (relationship issues and difficulties, confidences and secrets, relationships and role in the brotherhood and/or sisterhood). The importance for the career counselor to investigate the relational context of his/her consultant is discussed, as much as the need for him to think about his own motivations to help others, linked with his family background.

Expanding to institutionally different countries. Reasons, Firm International Experience, and Entry Mode Choice

We examine entry mode choice and its consequences when a multinational enterprise (MNE) expands into an institutionally different country. We argue that discussions of entry mode should distinguish between informal (e.g., culture) and formal (e.g., laws) institutions, and should take into account not just the home country of the MNE and its distance to the focal host country, but the MNE's overall footprint and experience across the world in general, especially in countries with an institutional structure that is similar to that of the focal host country. Specifically, we argue that firms with experience in countries with different informal institutions will be more likely to enter via acquisitions than firms without such experience, that such experience will not matter as much in the case of formal institutions, and that such firms will exit more quickly when they enter via equity alliances than through full acquisitions. We also distinguish between balanced and unbalanced alliances and argue that balanced alliances will be more enduring, but only when the host country is culturally (not legally) different from the other countries where the MNE has experience. Our arguments suggest that entry mode should be conditioned on a firm's experience in other markets, and that intercountry differences in formal versus informal institutions have distinct influences on entry mode.