Dominant human CD8 T cell clonotypes persist simultaneously as memory and effector cells in memory phase.

The adaptive immune system plays a critical role in protection at the time of secondary infection. It does so through the rapid and robust reactivation of memory T cells which are maintained long-term, in a phenotypically heterogeneous state, following their primary encounter with Ag. Although most HLA-A*0201/influenza matrix protein(58-66)-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donors display characteristics typical of memory T cells, through our extensive phenotypic analysis we have further shown that up to 20% of these cells express neither the IL-7 receptor CD127 nor the costimulatory molecule CD28. In contrast to the majority of CD28(pos) cells, granzyme B and perforin were frequently expressed by the CD28(neg) cells, suggesting that they are effector cells. Indeed, these cells were able to kill target cells, in an Ag-specific manner, directly ex vivo. Thus, our findings demonstrate the remarkable long-term persistence in healthy humans of not only influenza-specific memory cells, but also of effector T cells. We further observed that granzyme B expression in influenza-specific CD8 T cells paralleled levels in the total CD8 T cell population, suggestive of Ag-nonspecific bystander activation. Sequencing of TCR alpha- and beta-chains showed that the TCR repertoire specific for this epitope was dominated by one, or a few, T cell clonotype per healthy donor. Moreover, our sequencing analysis revealed, for the first time in humans, that identical clonotypes can coexist as both memory and effector T cells, thereby supporting the principle of multipotent clonotypic differentiation.

Prevalence, awareness and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Switzerland: the CoLaus study.

ABSTRACT: Aims To assess the prevalence, awareness and treatment levels of Type 2 diabetes in a Swiss city. Methods Population-based cross-sectional study of 6181 subjects (3246 women) aged 35-75 years living in Lausanne, Switzerland. Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose >/= 7 mmol/l and/or oral hypoglycaemic treatment and/or insulin. Results Total prevalence of Type 2 diabetes was 6.3% (95% confidence interval: 5.7-7.0%), higher in men (9.1%) than in women (3.8%, P < 0.001) and increased with age. Two-thirds (65.3%; 60.4-70.0%) of participants with Type 2 diabetes were aware of their status and among those aware 86.0% (81.5-90.3%) were treated. Treatment was more frequent in men (91.3%) than in women (75.9%, P < 0.001). Two-thirds of those treated for Type 2 diabetes were on monotherapy. Biguanides were prescribed in 65.0% of Type 2 diabetes patients and represented 48% of all antidiabetic drugs. Multivariable analysis showed male gender, increasing age, waist or BMI to be positively associated with prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, while leisure-time physical activity and alcohol consumption were negatively associated. Among participants presenting with Type 2 diabetes, increasing age was positively associated with awareness of Type 2 diabetes. Among subjects diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, male gender and increasing age were positively associated with treatment. Conclusion Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in Switzerland is estimated to be between 5.7% and 7.0%. Two-thirds of patients with Type 2 diabetes are aware of their status, and over three quarters of those aware are treated.

Facteurs influençant le retour au travail après transplantation chez 61 patients rénaux ou hépatiques

Enjeux La réussite d'une transplantation rénale ou hépatique intègre non seulement le succès de l'acte chirurgical et sa prise en charge médicale post-greffe, mais également pour le patient greffé l'assurance d'une nouvelle qualité de vie dont le retour au travail fait partie. Le retour au travail après greffe est cependant généralement peu étudié dans la littérature et peu discuté semble-t-il au niveau médical que ce soit avant ou après greffe, quand bien même d'un point de vue médico-socio-économique il s'agit d'un sujet important compte tenu des coûts liés à un arrêt de travail prolongé ou à une rente pour incapacité de travail. Contexte Après une greffe réussie, il n'existe théoriquement plus de facteur limitant et peu de contre-indications médicales liées à la greffe pour empêcher une reprise progressive de l'activité professionnelle. Or en réalité le taux de retour au travail après greffe est généralement faible, variant entre 30 et 60% selon la littérature. Ceci a incité l'auteur de cette présente étude à essayer d'en connaître les raisons. Ainsi, l'hypothèse a été que certains facteurs professionnels (« en activité professionnelle ou non avant greffe », « être diplômé ou non»), individuels («âge», «genre», «type d'organe greffé») ou médicaux (« complications médicales aiguës de moins de 6 mois post greffe ») influencent négativement ou positivement le retour au travail des patients greffés. L'étude a porté sur un petit collectif volontaire de patients greffés rénaux et hépatiques opérés entre 1993 et 2003 et suivis depuis lors au centre de transplantation d'organes (CTO) du CHUV. Il leur a été administré en face à face un questionnaire médical spécialement conçu pour l'étude. Conclusion L'étude montre que le taux de retour au travail après greffe rénale ou hépatique s'élève à 39% et qu'il existe effectivement des facteurs pouvant influencer le retour au travail après greffe. Ainsi, être « âgé de moins de 45 ans », être « au bénéfice d'une formation (diplôme) » et « travailler les deux ans précédent la greffe » sont des facteurs significatifs de retour au travail après greffe. Perspective Gage de qualité de vie, le retour au travail après greffe doit être encouragé et favorisé quand il se peut, en s'aidant des facteurs connus qui l'influencent positivement ou négativement. Pour cela, il est indispensable qu'au stade pré greffe déjà s'instaure un dialogue sur le sujet entre patients en attente de greffe et personnel médico-social, afin de mettre en oeuvre le plus précocement possible les mesures socio-professionnelles adéquates comme cela se fait déjà en Allemagne ou aux Etats-Unis par exemple.

Expositions médicamenteuses pendant la grossesse: une approche différenciée [Drug exposure during pregnancy: a differentiated approach].

Numerous drug exposures do occur unintentionally at the beginning of pregnancy. On the other hand, pursuing drug treatment may be necessary in women who wish to be pregnant. In these situations risk evaluation has to be done in a precise and differentiated manner, taking into account at the same time the risk for the fetus and maternal health. Teratovigilance services are able to give a thorough information enabling to avoid unwarranted drug arrests or pregnancy terminations. In return, physician's catamnesis about the outcome of the pregnancy exposed to one or several therapeutic agents will increase the bulk of knowledge health professionals and pregnant women have at their disposal.

Local adaptation maintains clinal variation in melanin-based coloration of European barn owls (Tyto alba).

Ecological parameters vary in space, and the resulting heterogeneity of selective forces can drive adaptive population divergence. Clinal variation represents a classical model to study the interplay of gene flow and selection in the dynamics of this local adaptation process. Although geographic variation in phenotypic traits in discrete populations could be remainders of past adaptation, maintenance of adaptive clinal variation requires recurrent selection. Clinal variation in genetically determined traits is generally attributed to adaptation of different genotypes to local conditions along an environmental gradient, although it can as well arise from neutral processes. Here, we investigated whether selection accounts for the strong clinal variation observed in a highly heritable pheomelanin-based color trait in the European barn owl by comparing spatial differentiation of color and of neutral genes among populations. Barn owl's coloration varies continuously from white in southwestern Europe to reddish-brown in northeastern Europe. A very low differentiation at neutral genetic markers suggests that substantial gene flow occurs among populations. The persistence of pronounced color differentiation despite this strong gene flow is consistent with the hypothesis that selection is the primary force maintaining color variation among European populations. Therefore, the color cline is most likely the result of local adaptation.

Use of niche models in invasive species risk assessments.

Risk maps summarizing landscape suitability of novel areas for invading species can be valuable tools for preventing species' invasions or controlling their spread, but methods employed for development of such maps remain variable and unstandardized. We discuss several considerations in development of such models, including types of distributional information that should be used, the nature of explanatory variables that should be incorporated, and caveats regarding model testing and evaluation. We highlight that, in the case of invasive species, such distributional predictions should aim to derive the best hypothesis of the potential distribution of the species by using (1) all distributional information available, including information from both the native range and other invaded regions; (2) predictors linked as directly as is feasible to the physiological requirements of the species; and (3) modelling procedures that carefully avoid overfitting to the training data. Finally, model testing and evaluation should focus on well-predicted presences, and less on efficient prediction of absences; a k-fold regional cross-validation test is discussed.

Reduced genetic diversity, increased isolation and multiple introductions of invasive giant hogweed in the western Swiss Alps.

Abstract The giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) has successfully invaded 19 European countries as well as parts of North America. It has become a problematic species due to its ability to displace native flora and to cause public health hazards. Applying population genetics to species invasion can help reconstruct invasion history and may promote more efficient management practice. We thus analysed levels of genetic variation and population genetic structure of H. mantegazzianum in an invaded area of the western Swiss Alps as well as in its native range (the Caucasus), using eight nuclear microsatellite loci together with plastid DNA markers and sequences. On both nuclear and plastid genomes, native populations exhibited significantly higher levels of genetic diversity compared to invasive populations, confirming an important founder event during the invasion process. Invasive populations were also significantly more differentiated than native populations. Bayesian clustering analysis identified five clusters in the native range that corresponded to geographically and ecologically separated groups. In the invaded range, 10 clusters occurred. Unlike native populations, invasive clusters were characterized by a mosaic pattern in the landscape, possibly caused by anthropogenic dispersal of the species via roads and direct collection for ornamental purposes. Lastly, our analyses revealed four main divergent groups in the western Swiss Alps, likely as a consequence of multiple independent establishments of H. mantegazzianum.