Determinants of maternal sex steroids during the first half of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of maternal and child characteristics with early pregnancy maternal concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and estradiol (E2). METHODS: We analyzed these hormones among 1,343 women with singleton pregnancies who donated serum samples to the Finnish Maternity Cohort from 1986 to 2006 during the first half of pregnancy (median 11 weeks). The associations of maternal and child characteristics with hormone concentrations were investigated by correlation and multivariable regression. RESULTS: Women older than age 30 years had lower androgen and E2 but higher progesterone concentrations than women younger than that age. Multiparous women had 14% lower testosterone, 11% lower androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 9% lower progesterone, and 16% lower E2 concentrations compared with nulliparous women (all P<.05). Smoking mothers had 11%, 18%, and 8% higher testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels, respectively, but 10% lower progesterone compared with nonsmoking women (all P<.05). E2 concentrations were 9% higher (P<.05) among women with a female fetus compared with those with a male fetus. CONCLUSION: Parity, smoking, and, to a lesser extent, maternal age and child sex are associated with sex steroid levels during the first half of a singleton pregnancy. The effects of smoking on the maternal hormonal environment and the possible long-term deleterious consequences on the fetus deserve further evaluation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Le régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers au Cameroun face à l'impératif du développement

Avant-propos: Selon les données disponibles, le Cameroun, à l'instar de nombreux pays en développement, ne constitue qu'une destination marginale de l'investissement direct étranger (IDE), à l'exception de ceux destinés aux secteurs minier et pétrolier. Déterminer les causes de cette situation peu satisfaisante n'aurait en soi qu'un intérêt théorique si ce pays n'avait pas adopté une réglementation visant à encadrer et à promouvoir ce type d'investissements et n'avait pas, par ailleurs, signé et ratifié divers instruments bilatéraux et multilatéraux se rapportant à cet objet. Ce sont donc des considérations très pratiques qui l'emportent et rendent nécessaire une étude plus détaillée sur le sujet. Ce travail a pour objet l'étude du régime juridique des investissements directs étrangers analysé comme facteur pouvant Favoriser le développement économique et social du Cameroun. Dans ces conditions, il eût été impossible de s'en tenir à l'analyse des seules dispositions ayant trait spécifiquement au régime juridique des investissements d'origine étrangère. L'examen des obstacles et des contraintes ayant un impact aussi bien sur les politiques d'incitation que sur les effets attendus de ce type d'investissement s'est avéré indispensable pour appréhender la question dans sa globalité. Au risque de sacrifier quelque peu l'exigence de concision nécessaire à la rédaction d'une thèse, nous avons donc opté pour un exposé aussi complet que possible des questions avant tout juridiques, mais aussi politiques et économiques, auxquelles peuvent être confrontés, non seulement le juriste averti, mais aussi le praticien ou tout simplement l'étranger désireux d'investir au Cameroun. Pour ce faire, nous avons divisé notre étude en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous nous efforçons de présenter et d'analyser les normes coutumières, conventionnelles, légales ou contractuelles constitutives du régime juridique des investissements au Cameroun. Et parce que le système juridique camerounais est complexe, et aussi méconnu ou inconnu, il nous a paru indispensable, à chaque fois, d'en rappeler les spécificités de manière à familiariser le lecteur avec les réalités institutionnelles et juridiques du pays qui illustre notre étude. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons tenté de démontrer la nécessité d'adopter des politiques complémentaires visant à améliorer l'incidence de l'IDE sur le développement en proposant des mesures d'ordre politique et juridique pouvant contribuer à l'amélioration de la compétitivité de l'économie camerounaise, d'une part, et, d'autre part, viser à atténuer les effets néfastes des IDE et des politiques d'incitation. En élargissant ainsi le champ de notre analyse, nous espérons rendre service à la fois aux juristes et aux praticiens, plus sensibles aux solutions concrètes qu'à leur explication doctrinale. C'est ainsi que nous avons mis en commun les connaissances juridiques théoriques et les analyses et opinions émises par différents observateurs des faits économiques et sociaux du Cameroun, conscient qu'en Afrique plus qu'ailleurs, les juristes désireux de faire oeuvre utile ne sauraient s'enfermer dans la tour d'ivoire des Facultés. Nos conclusions, loin de faire l'inventaire de tous les résultats auxquels nous sommes parvenu, se limitent aux enseignements majeurs que nous tirons de notre recherche et aux propositions que nous formulons.

The Poetics and Politics of the American Gothic : Gender and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

Taking as its point of departure recent insights about the performative¦nature of genre, The Poetics and Politics of the American Gothic¦challenges the critical tendency to accept at face value that gothic¦literature is mainly about fear. Instead, Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet¦argues that the American Gothic, and gothic literature in general,¦is also about judgment: how to judge and what happens when¦judgment is confronted with situations that defy its limits.¦Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Gilman, and James all shared a concern¦with the political and ideological debates of their time, but tended¦to approach these debates indirectly. Thus, Monnet suggests, while¦slavery and race are not the explicit subject matter of antebellum¦works by Poe and Hawthorne, they nevertheless permeate it through¦suggestive analogies and tacit references. Similarly, Melville, Gilman,¦and James use the gothic to explore the categories of gender and¦sexuality that were being renegotiated during the latter half of the¦century. Focusing on The Fall of the House of Usher, The Marble¦Faun, Pierre, The Turn of the Screw, and The Yellow Wallpaper,¦Monnet brings to bear minor texts by the same authors that further¦enrich her innovative readings of these canonical works. At the same¦time, her study persuasively argues that the Gothic's endurance¦and ubiquity are in large part related to its being uniquely adapted¦to rehearse questions about judgment and justice that continue to¦fascinate and disturb.

Ebstein's anomaly: one and a half ventricular repair.

Patients with Ebstein's anomaly can present after childhood or adolescence with cyanosis, arrhythmias, severe right ventricular dysfunction and frequently with left ventricular dysfunction secondary to the prolonged cyanosis and to the right ventricular interference. At this point conventional repair is accompanied by elevated mortality and morbidity and poor functional results. We report our experience with three patients (8, 16 and 35 years of age) with Ebstein's anomaly, very dilated right atrium, severe tricuspid valve regurgitation (4/4), bi-directional shunt through an atrial septal defect and reduced left ventricular function (mean ejection fraction = 58%, mean shortening fraction = 25%). All underwent one and a half ventricular repair consisting of closure of the atrial septal defect, tricuspid repair with reduction of the atrialised portion of the right ventricle and end-to-side anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. All patients survived, with a mean follow-up of 33 months. In all there was complete regression of the cyanosis and of the signs of heart failure. Postoperative echocardiography showed reduced degree of tricuspid regurgitation (2/4) and improvement of the left ventricular function (mean ejection fraction = 77%, mean shortening fraction = 40%). In patients with Ebstein's anomaly referred late for surgery with severely compromised right ventricular function or even with reduced biventricular function, the presence of a relatively hypoplastic and/or malfunctioning right ventricular chamber inadequate to sustain the entire systemic venous return but capable of managing part of the systemic venous return, permits a one and a half ventricular repair with good functional results.

The enterprise face to the environmental challenge: straddling the fence between social responsibility and penal responsibility

This contribution aims to analyse how to incur companies' criminal liability when they violate environmental protection globally. In Switzerland, companies' criminal liability has already been provided for to fight against money launder- ing (Article 102 CP). Could a similar liability be incurred, in Switzerland, for companies that infringe environmental protection? This is what our contribution is all about. Since the company is at the heart of our subject, the point is to see to what extent criminal liability could be transposed to cases of violation by companies of the environmental principles promoted by the CSR concept.

The 3' half of the mouse mammary tumor virus orf gene is not sufficient for its superantigen function in transgenic mice.

The Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat contains an open reading frame (orf) of 960 nucleotides encoding a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane domain and five N-glycosylation sites in the N-terminal part of the protein. Transgenic mice bearing either the complete or the 3' terminal half of the orf sequence of MMTV-GR under the control of the SV40 promoter were raised. As shown previously by FACS analysis transgenic mice which express the complete orf gene have a significant deletion of V beta 14 expressing T cells at 6 weeks of age. Here we show that no clonal deletion of V beta 14 bearing T cells takes place in transgenic mice that contain orf sequences from the fifth ATG to the termination codon. The pattern of tissues expressing the truncated transgene was studied by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and was very similar to the one obtained in the V beta 14 deleting animals. These data suggest that the amino-terminal portion of the ORF protein (pORF) is required for a superantigen function, while our previous data indicated that determinants from the carboxy-terminus play an important role for TCR V beta specificity.

Aphtes récidivants: comment faire face [How to cope with recurrent aphthous stomatitis].

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral mucosa ailment. This condition is frequently considered as idiopathic due to the doubts about its etiology, probably related to a minor immunological dysregulation in a context of genetic predisposition. However, ulcers that resemble recurrent aphthous stomatitis in some respects can be found in systemic disorders that must be ruled out for the differential diagnosis of SAR, particularly when they appear after adolescence and/or when associated lesions exist out of the oral cavity. SAR management lies on the elimination of predisposing factors (drugs, oral trauma, food allergies...) and if needed, topical corticosteroids are the first choice regimen. More severe cases may require systemic regimens.