Textural, chemical, and isotopic effects of late-magmatic carbonatitic fluids in the carbonatite-syenite Tamazeght complex, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco

Carbonatites of the Eocene Tamazeght complex, High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, consist of calciocarbonatites (alvikite and sovite dykes) and magnesiocarbonatites (diatreme breccias and dykes rocks). These are associated with ultramafic, shonkinitic, gabbroic to monzonitic and various foid syenitic silicate units. Stable and radiogenic isotope compositions for carbonatites and silicate rocks indicate that they share a common source in the mantle, although for some carbonatitic samples contamination with sedimentary rocks seems important. The observed isotopic heterogeneity is mainly attributed to source characteristics, fractional crystallization (accompanied by various degrees of assimilation), and late- to post-magmatic fluid-rock interaction. During the late fluid-rock interaction, Sr, Mn, and possibly also Fe were mobilized and redistributed to form secondary carbonate minerals in carbonatites. These fluids also penetrated into the adjacent syenitic rocks, causing enrichment in the same elements.

Global GacA-steered control of cyanide and exoprotease production in Pseudomonas fluorescens involves specific ribosome binding sites.

The conserved two-component regulatory system GacS/GacA determines the expression of extracellular products and virulence factors in a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. In the biocontrol strain CHA0 of Pseudomonas fluorescens, the response regulator GacA is essential for the synthesis of extracellular protease (AprA) and secondary metabolites including hydrogen cyanide. GacA was found to exert its control on the hydrogen cyanide biosynthetic genes (hcnABC) and on the aprA gene indirectly via a posttranscriptional mechanism. Expression of a translational hcnA'-'lacZ fusion was GacA-dependent whereas a transcriptional hcnA-lacZ fusion was not. A distinct recognition site overlapping with the ribosome binding site appears to be primordial for GacA-steered regulation. GacA-dependence could be conferred to the Escherichia coli lacZ mRNA by a 3-bp substitution in the ribosome binding site. The gene coding for the global translational repressor RsmA of P. fluorescens was cloned. RsmA overexpression mimicked partial loss of GacA function and involved the same recognition site, suggesting that RsmA is a downstream regulatory element of the GacA control cascade. Mutational inactivation of the chromosomal rsmA gene partially suppressed a gacS defect. Thus, a central, GacA-dependent switch from primary to secondary metabolism may operate at the level of translation.

A comparison of dequalinium chloride vaginal tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vaginal cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety.

AIMS: To investigate if vaginal application of dequalinium chloride (DQC, Fluomizin®) is as effective as vaginal clindamycin (CLM) in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV). METHODS: This was a multinational, multicenter, single-blind, randomized trial in 15 centers, including 321 women. They were randomized to either vaginal DQC tablets or vaginal CLM cream. Follow-up visits were 1 week and 1 month after treatment. Clinical cure based on Amsel's criteria was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were rate of treatment failures and recurrences, incidence of post-treatment vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC), lactobacillary grade (LBG), total symptom score (TSC), and safety. RESULTS: Cure rates with DQC (C1: 81.5%, C2: 79.5%) were as high as with CLM (C1: 78.4%, C2: 77.6%). Thus, the treatment with DQC had equal efficacy as CLM cream. A trend to less common post-treatment VVC in the DQC-treated women was observed (DQC: 2.5%, CLM: 7.7%; p = 0.06). Both treatments were well tolerated with no serious adverse events occurring. CONCLUSION: Vaginal DQC has been shown to be equally effective as CLM cream, to be well tolerated with no systemic safety concerns, and is therefore a valid alternative therapy for women with BV [ClinicalTrials.gov, Med380104, NCT01125410].

Do plants adjust their sex allocation and secondary sexual morphology in response to their neighbours?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Changes in the sex allocation (i.e. in pollen versus seed production) of hermaphroditic plants often occur in response to the environment. In some homosporous ferns, gametophytes choose their gender in response to chemical cues sent by neighbours, such that spores develop as male gametophytes if they perceive a female or hermaphrodite nearby. Here it is considered whether a similar process might occur in the androdioecious angiosperm species Mercurialis annua, in which males co-occur with hermaphrodites; previous work on a Spanish population of M. annua found that individuals were more likely to develop as males at high density. METHODS: Using a novel approach to treat plants with leachate from pots containing males or hermaphrodites of M. annua, the hypothesis that individuals assess their mating opportunities, and adjust their sex expression accordingly, was tested through an exchange of chemical cues through the soil. KEY RESULTS: For the population under study, from Morocco, no evidence was found for soil-signal-dependent sex expression: neither sex ratios nor sex allocation differed among experimental treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply either that the Moroccan population under study behaves differently from that previously studied in Spain (pointing to potential geographical variation in plasticity for sex expression), or that our method failed to capture the signals used by M. annua for adjustment of sex expression.

Une approche causale des comportements d'achat et post-achat de produits écolabellisés

RESUMÉ Objectifs de la recherche: Depuis quelques années, l'utilisation de l'écologie dans le marketing a connu un essor considérable, aussi bien dans le monde académique que dans la pratique. De nos jours, la notion de label suscite un vif intérêt auprès des entreprises désireuses de promouvoir des produits "verts". Le principe de l'écolabellisation consiste à fournir aux consommateurs, en plus du prix, un nouvel élément de comparaison des produits. Les écolabels sont considérés comme l'un des meilleurs outils pour informer le consommateur, d'une manière claire et compréhensible, de l'impact du produit sur l'environnement. Nous nous intéressons, dans le cadre de notre travail, à l'étude du comportement d'achat des produits écolabellisés. En dépit de leur popularité croissante, les études académiques portant sur les labels écologiques sont relativement rares et de nombreuses problématiques demeurent en suspens. L'étude du comportement d'achat - au sens large - mérite notamment d'être approfondie. Notre recherche a plusieurs volets. Premièrement, nous étudions l'impact des valeurs, de l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie, du scepticisme, de la compréhension du label et de la connaissance de l'écologie sur le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Ensuite, nous testons la cohérence entre comportements écologiques en introduisant un comportement post- achat (le triage des déchets ménagers). Théories sous-jacentes: Notre étude repose sur différents apports académiques relatifs au comportement du consommateur "vert" mais également sur des concepts issus de la psychologie et de la sociologie. Nous présentons d'abord la littérature portant sur la caractérisation du consommateur "vert" (Webster, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Van Liere et Dunlap, 1981; Balderjahn, 1988; Antil, 1984; Grunert et Juhl, 1995; Roberts, 1996). Nous abordons ensuite les études portant sur les valeurs (Schwartz, 1992; 1994), l'implication (Zaichkowsy, 1994), le scepticisme (Gray-Lee, Scammon et Mayer, 1994; Mohr et al., 1998), la compréhension des écolabels (van Dam et Reuvekamp, 1995; Thogersen, 2000) et la connaissance de l'écologie (Maloney et al., 1973, 1975; Arbuthnot, 1977; Pickett et al., 1993). Ces variables nous semblent être les plus à même d'influencer le comportement d'achat de produits écolabellisés. Enfin, sur la base des travaux de Valette-Florence et Roehrich (1993), nous développons un modèle de causalité, centré sur la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Hypothèses de recherche et opérationnalisation des variables: Nous développons 16 hypothèses de recherche dont 12 portent sur les rapports de causalité entre construits. Par ailleurs, pour mieux comprendre la personnalité du consommateur de produits écolabellisés, nous distinguons les variables reflétant un intérêt collectif (altruisme) de celles reflétant un intérêt individuel (égocentrisme). La mesure des différents construits reposent sur la liste de Schwartz (1992, 1994) pour les valeurs, l'échelle d'implication de Zaichkowsy (1994) pour la publicité, l'échelle développée par Mohs et al. (1998) pour mesurer le scepticisme et une liste de questions portant sur l'écologie (Diekmann, 1996) pour tester le niveau de connaissance. Les comportements d'achat et post-achat sont mesurés respectivement à l'aide de questions relatives à la fréquence d'achat de produits écolabellisés et du triage des déchets ménagers. Collecte des données: Le recueil des données s'effectue par sondage, en ayant recours à des questionnaires auto-administrés. L'échantillon comprend de 368 étudiants provenant de diverses facultés de sciences humaines de Suisse Romande. Analyse des données et interprétation des résultats: Notre étude porte sur le comportement d'achat de trois labels écologiques et sur le triage de 7 déchets ménagers. Les différentes analyses montrent que certaines valeurs ont un impact sur l'implication et que l'implication a une influence positive sur le comportement d'achat et post-achat. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que l'implication sert de variable médiatrice entre les valeurs et le comportement. De plus, la compréhension de l'écolabel influence de manière positive l'achat de produits écolabellisés, la connaissance de l'écologie a une influence positive sur le comportement post-achat et le scepticisme vis-à-vis de l'utilité du triage des déchets ménagers influence négativement le comportement de triage. Implications managériales: Les résultats obtenus suggèrent qu'outre la valeur "protection de l'environnement", d'autres valeurs comme "la stimulation" ou encore "l'accomplissement" influencent de manière significative l'implication vis-à-vis de l'écologie qui à son tour influence l'achat de produits écolabellisés. Le manager doit donc tenir compte du fait que le consommateur est impliqué dans l'écologie. Ensuite, la compréhension du label joue un rôle prépondérant dans l'achat. De plus, le consommateur ne semble pas être sceptique par rapport aux informations fournies par les écolabels et le niveau de connaissance de l'écologie n'affecte pas son comportement. Enfin, le consommateur semble agir de manière cohérente en achetant différents produits écolabellisés. Apports, limites et voies de recherche: Notre étude contribue à l'enrichissement de la recherche sur le comportement du consommateur dans un contexte écologique à plusieurs égards, notamment par l'étude de la relation entre les valeurs, l'implication et le comportement. Néanmoins, la portée de notre recherche est naturellement restreinte en raison du nombre limité de cas étudiés, soit 3 labels écologiques relativement peu connus de notre échantillon. Il serait utile de répéter l'étude en utilisant des labels plus populaires. Par ailleurs, nous avons eu recours à des échelles développées dans des contextes quelque peu différents. En particulier, une échelle d'implication devrait être développée spécifiquement pour le contexte écologique.

Validation française d'un questionnaire de stress post-traumatique destiné aux parents d'enfants présentant un risque périnatal élevé = French validation of the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" assessing parent's posttraumatic stress reactions following the birth of a high risk infant.

(from the journal abstract) Objectives: The birth of a high risk infant--such as a very or extremely premature infant--can represent an important traumatic experience for parents. R. DeMier, M. Hynan et al's "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" aims at exploring, retrospectively, parent's posttraumatic stress reactions following the birth of a high risk infant. This paper describes the French validation of this questionnaire. Methods: Fifty-two families with a very or extremely premature infant and 25 families with a full term infant responded to the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" and the "Impact of Event Scale" when children were 18 months old. Results: Parents of high risk infants can present posttraumatic stress reactions such as intrusion, avoidance or arousal symptoms. The French version of the "Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire" has satisfactory psychometric properties. Conclusions: As posttraumatic reactions are not directly related to objective descriptions of the stressful event, it may be essential to the liaison child psychiatrist to consider individual posttraumatic reactions in order to optimise preventive intervention with the parents. A questionnaire should not replace a clinical interview, however it may represent a useful screening tool. Also, this questionnaire should be useful for research purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)

CO2 production of the chick embryo during the first day of post-laying development.

The carbon dioxide production of the chick embryo cultured in vitro has been determined during the first 24 h of post-laying development using a non-invasive conductometric microtechnique. The mean CO2 production of the whole blastoderm (1) increased from 16 nmol/h at laying to 231 nmol/h at early neurulation, (2) became dependent on exogenous glucose and (3) was closely linked to mechanical tension generated in the blastoderm (loosening from vitelline membrane resulted in a decrease of 56%). In our experimental conditions, no significant influence of carbonic anhydrase on the CO2 production has been detected. The value of the respiratory exchange ratio varied from about 3 at pregastrular stages to 1 at neurula stage and CO2 was produced transiently in presence of antimycin A. Such results indicate that the source of CO2 is not exclusively mitochondrial and that the relative proportions of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial CO2 productions might vary significantly throughout the early development. Our findings confirm that the metabolism of the chick embryo becomes more and more oxidative from laying onwards and suggest that the modifications of metabolism observed during the studied period of development could be associated with functional differentiation.

Chimioradiothérapie postopératoire des cancers des voies aérodigestives : vers un nouveau standard [Post-operative radiochemotherapy of the head and neck: Towards new standards?]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. Their treatment remains controversial, and has to be multidisciplinary. External beam radiotherapy is a recognized treatment option after radical curative surgery in order to improve local control. Different adjuvant treatment options have been studied in order to improve the outcome of these patients. We review in this paper the different prognostic factors indicating an adjuvant treatment and the interest of treatment intensification in bad prognostic patients.

Ischemic cecal perforation secondary to ESWL of junctional stone in ureterosigmoidostomy (Mainz Pouch II).

We report an unusual case of ischemic cecal perforation after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for an impacted stone at the distal end of the right ureter of a ureterosigmoidostomy in a 78-year-old female patient.

Teaching motivational interviewing to medical students : a pre-post test pilot study

Objective: To test the efficacy of teaching motivational interviewing (MI) to medical students. Methods: Thirteen 4th year medical students volunteered to participate. Seven days before and 7 days after an 8-hour interactive training MI workshop, each student performed a videorecorded interview with two standardized patients: a 60 year old alcohol dependent woman and a 50 year old cigarette smoking man. Students' counseling skills were coded by two blinded clinicians using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity 3.0 (MITI). Inter-rater reliability was calculated for all interviews and a test-retest was completed in a sub-sample of 10 consecutive interviews three days apart. Difference between MITI scores before and after training were calculated and tested using non-parametric tests. Effect size was approximated by calculating the probability that posttest scores are greater than pretest scores (P*=P(Pre<Post)+1/2P(Pre=Post)), P*>1/2 indicating greater scores in posttest, P*=1/2 no effect, and P*<1/2 smaller scores in posttest. Results: Median differences between MITI scores before and after MI training indicated a general progression in MI skills: MI spirit global score (median difference=1.5, Inter quartile range=1.5, p<0.001, P*=0.90); Empathy global score (med diff=1, IQR=0.5, p<0.001, P*=0.85); Percentage of MI adherent skills (med diff=36.6, IQR=50.5, p<0.001, P*=0.85); Percentage of open questions (med diff=18.6, IQR=21.6, p<0.001, P*=0.96); reflections/ questions ratio (med diff=0.2, IQR=0.4, p<0.001, P*=0.81). Only Direction global score and the percentage of complex reflections were not significantly improved (med diff=0, IQR=1, p=0.53, P*=0.44, and med diff=4.3, IQR=24.8, p=0.48, P*=0.62, respectively). Inter-rater reliability indicated weighted kappa ranged between 0.14 for Direction to 0.51 for Collaboration and ICC ranged between 0.28 for Simple reflection to 0.95 for Closed question. Test-retests indicated weighted kappa ranged between 0.27 for Direction to 0.80 for Empathy and ICC ranged between 0.87 for Complex reflection to 0.98 for Closed question. Conclusion: This pilot study indicated that an 8-hour training in MI for voluntary 4th year medical students resulted in significant improvement of MI skills. Larger sample of unselected medical students should be studied to generalize the benefit of MI training to medical students. Interrater reliability and test-retests suggested that coders' training should be intensified.

Die Angio-Computertomografie post-mortem

Die Vorteile radiologischer Untersuchungen in der Rechtsmedizin sind wohl bekannt, insbesondere dass Beweise dank diseser nicht invasiven Untersuchungstechnik erhalten werden können. Die Speicherung der radiologischen Bilder des gesamten Leichnams erlaubt, jederzeit eine Neuuntersuchung durchzuführen, sollten neue Fragestellungen auftauchen. Dank der Möglichkeit radiologische Bilder dreidimensional zu rekonstruiren, können einzelne Befunde auch für medizinische Laien leicht verständlich dargestellt werden.