20 resultados para Zoologie
Resumo:
DNA-based techniques are important tools for species assignment, in particular when identification with morphological criteria is difficult. The aim of this study was to genetically determine the species identity of tree frogs (Hyla spp.) populations from western and northern Switzerland (Swiss Plateau), this area being frequently subjected to introductions of species or sub-species from south of the Alps. We sequenced 261 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene from 24 samples of tree frogs from the Swiss Plateau, Ticino (southern Switzerland) and the Dombes region (Ain, France), and compared them with homologous sequences retrieved from DNA databases. The phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct clades. The first one is represented by samples of Green tree frog (Hyla arborea) from the Swiss Plateau, France, Germany and Greece, confirming the current knowledge about the species' distribution. The second clade includes samples belonging to the Italian tree frog (Hyla intermedia) from south of the Alps (Ticino and Italy), and unexpectedly from the Grangettes site in western Switzerland. These results suggest the introduction of the Italian tree frog H. intermedia north of the Alps, and raise questions about the management of the Grangettes protected area.
Resumo:
A bien des égards, comme le philosophe Emmanuel Kant l'avait déjà signalé, la manière dont nous traitons les animaux nous renvoie en miroir notre propre attitude envers nos compagnons humains. La maladie de la vache folle n'est-elle pas le résultat d'une rationalité industrielle déraisonnable et, par là même, le révélateur des dérives de la rationalité instrumentale et des menaces qui pèsent sur l'éthique ? Les perspectives ouvertes par le génie génétique et par les xénotransplantations n'annoncent-elles pas une fuite en avant dans les illusions d'une technoscience sans conscience et sans précaution ? Comment trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts des patients, les finalités de la médecine, le respect de l'animal et les réalités de l'économie ou de la politique ? Pour promouvoir une éthique à la hauteur de ces questions, faut-il abandonner tout anthropocentrisme, adopter une philosophie centrée sur la vie et le vivant (biocentrisme) prenant uniquement en compte le critère de la souffrance humaine et animale (pathocentrisme) ?Fruit d'un colloque interdisciplinaire tenu à Lausanne en mai 1999, cet ouvrage donne la parole à des chercheurs d'horizon très variés : des spécialistes de la zoologie, de l'étude du comportement animal, de la douleur animale et humaine et de l'anthropologie culturelle, des juristes, des médecins, des philosophes et des théologiens.
Resumo:
(Résumé de l'ouvrage) A bien des égards, comme le philosophe Emmanuel Kant l'avait déjà signalé, la manière dont nous traitons les animaux nous renvoie en miroir notre propre attitude envers nos compagnons humains. La maladie de la vache folle n'est-elle pas le résultat d'une rationalité industrielle déraisonnable et, par là même, le révélateur des dérives de la rationalité instrumentale et des menaces qui pèsent sur l'éthique ? Les perspectives ouvertes par le génie génétique et par les xénotransplantations n'annoncent-elles pas une fuite en avant dans les illusions d'une technoscience sans conscience et sans précaution ? Comment trouver un équilibre entre les intérêts des patients, les finalités de la médecine, le respect de l'animal et les réalités de l'économie ou de la politique ? Pour promouvoir une éthique à la hauteur de ces questions, faut-il abandonner tout anthropocentrisme, adopter une philosophie centrée sur la vie et le vivant (biocentrisme) prenant uniquement en compte le critère de la souffrance humaine et animale (pathocentrisme) ?Fruit d'un colloque interdisciplinaire tenu à Lausanne en mai 1999, cet ouvrage donne la parole à des chercheurs d'horizon très variés : des spécialistes de la zoologie, de l'étude du comportement animal, de la douleur animale et humaine et de l'anthropologie culturelle, des juristes, des médecins, des philosophes et des théologiens.
Resumo:
The highly polymorphic so called "Trichia hispida group" is taxonomically problematic. According to different authors, one to about one hundred species are recognized in this group. Some recent publications admit 8 species for Central Euorpe. The present study gives arguments from biochemical data (12 enzymatic loci are electrophoretically analysed) for regrouping 5 morphological types into 2 species : Trichia sericea (Müller) var. sericea, plebeia, montana and striolata, and T.hispida(L.). A multivariate analysis of morphological measurments, and patterns of coexistence seem to corroborate this interpretation. T. sericea presents a wider ecological and morphological range, and both species need further investigations on their ecological and taxonomical relationship.
Resumo:
Some aspects of torpor have been studied among captive Suncus etruscus by recording the nest temperature. Torpors show a circadian pattern and occur spontaneously or can be induced by food shortage. Body temperature can be controlled during torpor, remaining relatively high at low ambiant temperatures. At 20° C, spontaneous torpors seem to be less deep than induced tropors, but both show similar patterns at 5-8 ° C. Spontaneous torpors begin between 01°° and 06°°, whereas the onset of diet induced torpors seems to depend also on food exhausting. The rates of activity (A) and of torpor (T) show under constant conditions a daily variability. Increase of T is linked with a decrease of A and the relationship could agree with A(%) = Ao( 1-T/100), where Ao is daily rate of activity when T = 0. Occurence of torpor among other Soricidae, possible occurence among free living Suncus etruscus and energy saving are discussed
Resumo:
As the morphological determination of living individuals of the two sibling species S. araneus and S. coronatus is not possible, we have tested two biochemical methods to determine these shrews in ecological studies. After producing specific antibodies by rabbits, we performed an immunological test on 25 individuals. With this first method, a correct determination was achieved in 76% of the cases only. The second method proved very successful: a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a systematic difference for albumin (73 individuals analyzed). According to our experience, the necessary blood sampling (10-20 μl) seems harmless for the shrews
Resumo:
Cet article est un compte-rendu du colloque "Evolution in Structured Population", tenu du 14 au 16 Septembre 1994 à l'Université de Lausanne. Consacré aux causes écologiques et conséquences évolutives d'horizons divers (zoologie, botanique, anthropologie, mathématiques), utilisant des approches variées, aussi bien empiriques que théoriques. Plusieurs exemples concrets de structurations génétiques de populations naturelles ont été documentés, et leurs causes analysées. Celles-ci sont variées, certaines étant extrinsèques à la biologie des espèces concernées (distances géographique, barrières écologiques, etc), d'autres intrinsèques (stratégies de reproduction, mutations chromosomiques). Les outils quantitatifs les plus largement utilisés pour analyser ces structures restent les F-statistiques de Whright; elles ont néanmoins fait l'objet de plusieurs critiques: d'une part, elles n'exploitent pas toute l'information disponible (certains orateurs ont d'ailleurs proposé diverses améliorations dans ce sens); d'autre part, les hypothèses qui sous-tendent leur interprétation conventionelle (en particulier l'hypothèse de populations à l'équilibre) sont régulièrement violées. Plusieurs des travaux présentés se sont précisément intéressés aux situations de déséquilibre et à leurs conséquences sur la dynamique et l'évolution des populations. Parmi celles ci: l'effet d'extinctions démiques sur les stratégies de dispersion des organismes et la structure génétique de leurs métapopulations, l'inadéquation du modèle classique de métapopulation, dit modèle en île (les modèles de diffusion ou de "pas japonais" (stepping stone) semblent généralement préférables), et le rôle de la "viscosité" des populations, en particulier en relation avec la sélection de parentèle et l'évolution de structures sociales. Le rôle important d'événements historiques sur les structures actuelles a été souligné, notamment dans le cadre de contacts secondaires entre populations hautement différenciées, leur introgression possible et la biogéographie de taxons vicariants. Parmi les problèmes récurrents notés: l'identification de l'unité panmictique, l'échelle de mesure spatiale appropriée, et les difficulté d'estimation des taux de migration et de flux de gènes. Plusieurs auteurs ont relevé la nécessité d'études biologiques de détail: les structures génétiques n'ont d'intérêt que dans la mesure où elles peuvent être situées dans un contexte écologique et évolutif précis. Ce point a été largement illustré dans le cadre des realtions entre structures génétiques et stratégies de reproduction/dispersion.
Resumo:
The values of the life history parameters expressed in the Lotka's equation were measured in the experimental conditions (20ºC, food ad libitum) for the aquatic pumonate Physa acuta. The estimated fitness value allows the population to double in about 4 weeks. The life cycle is very short (about 3 times shorter than for Lymnaea peregra in similar conditions) because of the important relative size of the eggs, a very high growth rate and an early maturity. This kind of strategy seems adaptive in eutrophic and temporary pools, where the adult mortality is important and density-independant. While the longevity shows very poor correlations with all other parameters, adult size, age at maturity and fecundity are strongly correlated. Structural and functionnal interpetations of these correlations are proposed. A mixed strategy seems a good hypothesis for this usually bivoltine species: the little-size, early-maturity and high-fecondity strategy may be selected during the summer, and the big-size, delayed-maturity and poor fecundity strategy during the winter
Resumo:
The terminal segment of the intermediate hair in the semi-aquatic Chirmarrogale hantu and Bectigale elegans is investigated with a view to a taxonomic interpretation. Nectogale is characterized by especially fine hairs which strongly contrast with the distally thickened hairs of Chimarrogale. In spite of these differences, the hairs of both genera are characterized by a H-shaped profile. According to Vogel & Köpchen (1977), this criterion confirms the discussed membership to the Soricinae.
Resumo:
With 420 trap-nights we sampled shrews in different habitats of the Souss-Massa National Park. Crocidura viaria (n=11) was found in 5 habitats (cultivated land, wetland, beach dunes with Chenopodia, sand dunes with patchy vegetation and also in the Euphorbia association). No shrews were captured in Eucalyptus forest with undergrowth. Southward from Essaouira, C. viaria is obviously the most frequent species in dense or patchy lowland vegetation. Two other species (C. whitakeri and C. tarfayaensis) which occur in sympatry in the Agadir region were not captured. They live probably not in syntopy with C. viaria and their ecological requirements remain to be studied.
Resumo:
The structure of the shield of curly overhairs was studied in 22 genera of shrews, using scanning electron microscopy. The cross section of the shield is quadriconcave with two sides showing particular scale patterns or a relief which can be grouped into 4 morphological types: 1) a smooth type with, at most, shallow U-shaped notches; 2) a type with uniserial, V-shaped tiled notches; 3) a type with a groove and irregular notches; 4) a type with a deep ridged groove. Myosorex, which occupies a basal phyletic position, shows type 3. This type is therefore interpreted as an ancestral character state. It is found also in Feroculus and in some Sylvisorex. In the Crocidurinae, this type evolved into type 2 (Scutisorex and some Indomalayan Crocidura), and finally into type 1 (Suncus and most Crocidura). In the Soricinae, it evolved into type 4, which is common to all genera except Megasorex and Notiosorex. These two genera possess type 1 which is interpreted as being a synapomorphous character of these genera. The regression of the complex structure under dry climatic conditions supports the hypothesis that the function of the grooved form of hair is water repulsion.
Le caryotype de Crocidura bolivari (Mammalia, Soricidae) Morales Agacino, 1934 (Mammalia, Soricidae)
Resumo:
The karyotype of Crocidura bolivari from Morocco is characterized by 2n = 50, NF = 66 and NFa = 62, and therefore corresponds to that of Crocidura occidentalis (Pucheran, 1855). Preliminary results on the standard genetic distances revealed by enzyme electrophoresis confirm the close relationship with the African giant shrews.
Resumo:
Crocidura cossyrensis Contoli, 1989 (Mammalia, Soricidae): karyotype, biochemical genetics and hybridization experiments. - The shrew Crocidura cossyrensis Contoli, 1989 from Pantelleria (I), a Mediterranean island 100 km south of Sicily and 70 km west from Tunisia, was investigated in order to understand its origin and its relationship with C. russula from Tunisia, Morocco and Switzerland. With the exception of a single heterozygote centric fusion, C. cossyrensis had a karyotype identical with that of C russula from Tunisia (2N = 42, NF = 70 to 72), but it differed from C russula from Morocco and Switzerland (2N = 42, NF = 60). The former have 5-6 pairs of chromosomes with small arms that are acrocentric in the latter. Genetic comparisons with allozyme data revealed small genetic distance (0.04) between C cossyrensis and C russula from Tunisia. In contrast, this eastern clade (Tunisia and Pantelleria) is separated from the western clade (Switzerland and Morocco) by a genetic distance of 0.14. A hybridization experiment between shrews from Pantelleria and Switzerland lead rapidly to an F1 generation. From 12 F1 hybrids that were backcrossed, females reproduced normally, but none of the males did so. Concluding from the results, C. cossyrensis from Pantelleria and C. russula cf. agilis from Tunisia belong to the same taxon that may have reached the differentiation of a biological species within the C. russula group. More geographic samples are needed to determine the definitive taxonomic positions of these shrews.