Should fiscal authorities cooperate in a monetary union with public deficit targets?

In this paper we analyse the setting of optimal policies in a monetary union with one monetary authority and various fiscal authorities that have a public deficit target. We will show that fiscal cooperation among the fiscal authorities, in the presence of positive supply shocks, ends up producing higher public deficits than in a non-cooperative regime. JEL No. E61, E63, F33, H0. Keywords: monetary union, fiscal policy coordination.

On the weights of nations: assigning voting weights in a heterogenous union

Consider a voting procedure where countries, states, or districts comprising a union each elect representatives who then participate in later votes at the union level on their behalf. The countries, provinces, and states may vary in their populations and composition. If we wish to maximize the total expected utility of all agents in the union, how to weight the votes of the representatives of the different countries, states or districts at the union level? We provide a simple characterization of the efficient voting rule in terms of the weights assigned to different districts and the voting threshold (how large a qualified majority is needed to induce change versus the status quo). Next, in the context of a model of the correlation structure of agents preferences, we analyze how voting weights relate to the population size of a country. We then analyze the voting weights in Council of the European Union under the Nice Treaty and the recently proposed constitution, and contrast them under different versions of our model.

An instrumental analysis of the European Union's capability to act in conflict response

Descripció i anàlisi dels instruments polítics, econòmics, civils i militars de la Unió Europea per enfrontar qualsevol conflicte.

The European Union Police Mission: The Beginning of a New Future for Bosnia and Herzegovina?

The creation, reform and/or restructuring of the police in post-conflict societies remains one of the key challenges for practitioners and scholars in the contemporary fields of peace and security, particularly due to the changing nature of conflicts. Since the 1990s the world has witnessed a proliferation of international police missions, with regional organisations gradually acquiring a prominent role. This paper analyses the 2003-2005 period of the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Much is at stake in this mission, both in terms of the development of the EU´s external identity but also for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s road to EU membership and sustainable peace. This paper will argue that by 2005 the balance sheet was mixed. EUPM fell short of fulfilling its overall goal of ‘Europeanising’ Bosnian police services, and of its desire to be seen as providing that additional ingredient in police matters that would set it apart from the earlier UN mission. Nevertheless, despite its shortcomings, the Mission did not merit the harsh criticisms it was faced with. Its lack of success was not entirely the Mission’s doing. The paper focuses on three aspects: political and economic viability and sustainability, security levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and institution and capacity building. The explanatory framework used in this paper is based on the democratic policing discourse. In doing so the argument developed here will also shed light on the nature of so-called “best European practices” in police matters.

Una nueva voz : un planteamiento a la recuperación vocal para la corrección de patologías de carácter funcional en el actor, desde las técnicas de Kristin Linklater y Barbara Houseman

Existen en el medio teatral varias técnicas de entrenamiento vocal para el actor de teatro. ¿Pueden usarse siempre las mismas técnicas indiferentemente del sujeto? ¿Es posible obtener de un ejercicio vocal siempre los mismos resultados o beneficios? Al analizar las rutinas básicas utilizadas en la preparación vocal para teatro desde las patologías funcionales de la voz, es posible afirmar que no todos los sujetos están en disposición física de cumplir con determinadas exigencias particulares. Este trabajo analiza las diferentes patologías funcionales de la voz partiendo de algunos ejercicios en los entrenamientos de Linklater y Houseman enfocados desde el manejo de patologías.

Linkages of dietary patterns, international trade and land use: the case of olive oil in the European Union

Within only two decades olive oil developed from a niche product which could hardly be found in food stores outside the producing regions towards an integrated component in the diets of industrial countries. This paper discusses the impacts of the promotion of the “healthy Mediterranean diet” on land use and agro-ecosystems in the producing countries. It examines the dynamics of olive oil production, trade and consumption in the EU15 in the period 1972 to 2003 and the links between dietary patterns, trade and land use. It analyses the underlying socio-economic driving forces behind the increasing spatial disconnect between production and consumption of olive oil in the EU15 and in particular in Spain, the world largest producer during the last three decades. In the observed period olive oil consumption increased 16 fold in the non-producing EU15 countries. In the geographically limited producing regions like Spain, the 5 fold increase in export production was associated with the rapid industrialization of olive production, the conversion of vast Mediterranean landscapes to olive monocultures and a range of environmental pressures. High amounts of subsidies of the European Common Agricultural Policy and feedback loops within production and consumption systems were driving the transformation of the olive oil system. Our analysis indicates the process of change was not immediately driven by increases in demand for olive oil in non-producing countries, but rather by the institutional setting of the European Union and by concerted political interventions.

El lloc teatral i el seu espai escènic: artialització en William Shakespeare (c..1590-1611) : actor, empresari, dramaturg

Pensar en William Shakespeare, apropar-se a una de l'obres què més tinta han fet córrer, se'ns presenta com voler trobar una agulla en un paller. Amb tot, aquest treball de recerca a volgut discernir la dramatúrgia de Shakespeare, des de l'òptica espacial i estètica. El seu marc, a l'Anglaterra renaixentista -ss,XVI-XVII-, és: l'abundosa legislació -important l'Acta promulgada l'any 1572, per la reina Elisabet I-; la tipologia constructiva i formal del Lloc del Teatre, amb la formulació empresarial què se’n deriva; l'altre element, la participació de l'espectador implícit. Conclusivament, com l'artialització shakespeariana s'insereix, podem dir, 'dramatològicament', dins l'historiografia general del teatre.

Hacia un entrenamiento del actor

Esta investigación está basada en la intención de crear una guía de entrenamiento para el actor, que busca asumir un compromiso con su cuerpo, como instrumento para la creación escénica. El trabajo del actor-actriz está irremediablemente vinculado a su cuerpo, todo lo humano se enmarca en un cuerpo vivido, en el espacio y en el tiempo, no es algo neutral. Sabemos que cada actor-actriz, tiene una noción de su esquema corporal, entendiendo por esquema corporal la representación en imágenes de los diferentes segmentos corporales que conforman nuestro cuerpo y la percepción de éste esquema corporal, estará en función de su capacidad de auto-percepción

Cross-country polarisation in CO2 emissions per capita in the European Union: changes and explanatory factors

In this study, we analyse the degree of polarisation-a concept fundamentally different from that of inequality-in the international distribution of CO2 emissions per capita in the European Union. It is analytically relevant to examine the degree of instability inherent to a distribution and, in the analysed case, the likelihood that the distribution and its evolution will increase or decrease the chances of reaching an agreement. Two approaches were used to measure polarisation: the endogenous approach, in which countries are grouped according to their similarity in terms of emissions, and the exogenous approach, in which countries are grouped geographically. Our findings indicate a clear decrease in polarisation since the mid-1990s, which can essentially be explained by the fact that the different groups of countries have converged (i.e. antagonism among the CO2 emitters has decreased) as the contribution of energy intensity to between-group differences has decreased. This lower degree of polarisation in CO2 distribution suggests a situation more conducive to the possibility of reaching EU-wide agreements on the mitigation of CO2 emissions.

Explanatory factors of CO2 per capita emission inequality in the European Union

The design of European mitigation policies requires a detailed examination of the factors explaining the unequal emissions in the different countries. This research analyzes the evolution of inequality in CO2 per capita emissions in the European Union (EU-27) in the 1990-2006 period and its explanatory factors. For this purpose, we decompose the Theil index of inequality into the contributions of the different Kaya factors. The decomposition is also applied to the inequality between and within groups of countries (North Europe, South Europe, and East Europe). The analysis shows an important reduction in inequality, to a large extent due to the smaller differences between groups and because of the lower contribution of the energy intensity factor. The importance of the GDP per capita factor increases and becomes the main explanatory factor. However, within the different groups of countries the carbonization index appears to be the most relevant factor in explaining inequalities.

La prevenció de conflictes de la Unió Europea deu anys després de Göteborg

La Unió Europea (UE) ha fet passos molt significatius des que va adoptar el Programa de Göteborg per a la Prevenció de Conflictes Violents el 2001. Malgrat tot, els obstacles institucionals, una priorització insuficient i la manca d'un compromís polític clar han estat impediments fonamentals perquè la UE concretés les seves ambicions d'erigir-se en un actor global més eficaç en la prevenció de conflictes i la construcció de la pau. La pràctica concreta de la UE encara és el reflex d'una perspectiva de la gestió de les crisis clarament reactiva més que no pas d'un plantejament genuí favorable a la prevenció de conflictes. Aquest document d'actuació, principalment adreçat als qui dicten la política a seguir i les decisions de la UE i dels seus estats membres, exposa que la UE ha de realitzar un canvi que va de la simple gestió de crisis a posar més èmfasi en la prevenció de conflictes, tot augmentant així els seus avantatges comparatius. Això exigeix tenir unes prioritats clares i millorar el sistema d'alarma primerenca de la UE. Cal que la prevenció de conflictes s’integri de forma transversal en totes les polítiques exteriors d'Europa i que constitueixi el nucli del SEAE (el Servei Europeu d'Acció Exterior). Aparentment, el Tractat de Lisboa i el SEAE constitueixen una oportunitat única per a millorar la coherència i l'eficàcia de la UE com a actor globlal. Ara bé, s'està aprofitant aquesta oportunitat fugissera?