Propuesta de programa de prevención de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la obesidad dirigido a profesores de educación física de secundaria

En la actual concepción bio-psico-social, los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario (TCA) y la obesidad están plurideterminados por factores biológicos, psicológicos y socioculturales que actúan como elementos perpetuantes en el tiempo. Se pueden modificar actitudes contraproducentes con un programa de prevención multidisciplinar y disminuir de modo significativo la población con riesgo de obesidad y de padecer un TCA. Para ello, es necesario desarrollar dichos programas de prevención, previos a la atención primaria, y la estrategia para lograrlo es la intervención ante factores de riesgo, integrada en un conjunto de actividades de educación para la salud más global. Esta propuesta educativa pretende brindar a los profesores de Educación Física una revisión bibliográfica sobre la dimensión que desde la cultura occidental se tiene de los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario (TCA) y la obesidad, al tiempo que promueve la reflexión sobre las posibilidades de intervención que ofrece la Educación Física desde el ámbito educativo en cuanto a la prevención de la obesidad, de los TCA, y de las conductas de riesgo. La presente propuesta de proyecto de prevención quiere destacar la función que cumplen docentes, tutores y tutoras, como acompañantes de los estudiantes, su posición privilegiada para conocerlos de cerca y estar así atentos a sus vivencias y la posibilidad de identificar oportunamente conductas no saludables en estudiantes que necesiten ciertas pautas para mejorar su estilo de vida, modificar sus habitos, o ser derivados para una atención especializada. Por ese motivo, en esta propuesta educativa se invita a los docentes y tutores a revisar sus convicciones personales y cuestionar la manera de pensar sobre la belleza física y el cuidado corporal. Esta reflexión junto a las pautas metodológicas permitirá abordar el tema de los TCA y la obesidad con tacto, respeto y la atención necesaria frente a los sentimientos de los y las estudiantes que se encuentran en un periodo de cambios importantes y con interrogantes en torno a su identidad e imagen corporal

Programa educatiu per a dones climatèriques amb diagnòstic d'obesitat per augmentar la qualitat de vida

Aquest treball té com a objectiu principal millorar la qualitat de vida amb dones en etapa de climateri amb diagnòstic d’obesitat. Els objectius específics marcats són, augmentar el coneixement sobre l’etapa del climateri, modificar els hàbits per tal de millorar-los, disminuir conductes de risc, disminuir el IMC per sota de 30 kg/m2 i disminuir la simptomatologia física associada al climateri. Es tracta d’un programa educatiu, el qual va dirigit a la població de dones en etapa de climateri, entre 45 i 64 anys, amb diagnòstic d’obesitat de l’Àrea Bàsica de Salut de Palamós (Baix Empordà). A través del programa informàtic que s’utilitza al Centre d’Atenció Primària de Palamós, que s’anomena La Gavina, es trobaran les usuàries que compleixin els criteris d’inclusió i a partir d’aquí es realitzarà una entrevista individualitzada per a obtenir les dades necessàries que es basaran en paràmetres fisiològics com la talla, el pes, l’IMC, el perímetre abdominal, la tensió arterial i la freqüència cardíaca. D’altra banda s’utilitzaran les escales de valoració de l’Índex Menopàusic de Kupperman, el Qüestionari IPAQ, el Qüestionari de Valoració de la Qualitat de Vida en Dones de 45 a 64 anys, i l’escala HADS. El programa es basarà en sessions teorico-pràctiques que es duran a terme a la població de Palamós.

'Biased' Risk Perceptions of Longevity and Disability in Old Age

Rational learning theories postulate that information channels and cognitive biases such as individual optimism may influence an individual¿s assessment of the risk of undesired events, especially with regard to those that have a cumulative nature. This is the case with disability in old age, which may take place upon survival to an advanced age, and such factors have been regarded as responsible for certain individual behaviours (for example, the limited incidence of insurance purchase). This paper examines the determinants of individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age and longevity. The cumulative nature of such perceptions of risk is tested, and potential biases are identified, including `optimism¿ and a set of information determinants. Empirical evidence from a representative survey of Catalonia is presented to illustrate these effects. The findings from this research suggest a significant overestimation of disability in old age, yet this is not the case with longevity. Furthermore, individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age, unlike those with regard to longevity, exhibit on aggregate an `optimistic bias¿ and, are perceived as `cumulative risks¿. Gender influences the perceived risk of disability in old age at a population level but not at the individual level, and the opposite holds true for age. Finally, self-reported health status is the main variable behind risk perceptions at both the individual and population level.

'Biased' Risk Perceptions of Longevity and Disability in Old Age

Rational learning theories postulate that information channels and cognitive biases such as individual optimism may influence an individual¿s assessment of the risk of undesired events, especially with regard to those that have a cumulative nature. This is the case with disability in old age, which may take place upon survival to an advanced age, and such factors have been regarded as responsible for certain individual behaviours (for example, the limited incidence of insurance purchase). This paper examines the determinants of individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age and longevity. The cumulative nature of such perceptions of risk is tested, and potential biases are identified, including `optimism¿ and a set of information determinants. Empirical evidence from a representative survey of Catalonia is presented to illustrate these effects. The findings from this research suggest a significant overestimation of disability in old age, yet this is not the case with longevity. Furthermore, individual perceptions with regard to disability in old age, unlike those with regard to longevity, exhibit on aggregate an `optimistic bias¿ and, are perceived as `cumulative risks¿. Gender influences the perceived risk of disability in old age at a population level but not at the individual level, and the opposite holds true for age. Finally, self-reported health status is the main variable behind risk perceptions at both the individual and population level.

Stochastic dominance and absolute risk aversion

In this paper we propose the infimum of the Arrow-Pratt index of absolute risk aversion as a measure of global risk aversion of a utility function. We then show that, for any given arbitrary pair of distributions, there exists a threshold level of global risk aversion such that all increasing concave utility functions with at least as much global risk aversion would rank the two distributions in the same way. Furthermore, this threshold level is sharp in the sense that, for any lower level of global risk aversion, we can find two utility functions in this class yielding opposite preference relations for the two distributions.

Subjective income expectations, canonical models and income risk

Expectations are central to behaviour. Despite the existence of subjective expectations data, the standard approach is to ignore these, to hypothecate a model of behaviour and to infer expectations from realisations. In the context of income models, we reveal the informational gain obtained from using both a canonical model and subjective expectations data. We propose a test for this informational gain, and illustrate our approach with an application to the problem of measuring income risk.

Investor protection, risk sharing and inequality

This paper studies the relationship between investor protection, financial risk sharing and income inequality. In the presence of market frictions, better protection makes investors more willing to take on entrepreneurial risk while lending to firms. This implies lower cost of external finance and better risk sharing between financiers and entrepreneurs. Investor protection, by boosting the market for risk sharing plays the twofold role of encouraging agents to undertake risky enterprises and providing them with insurance. By increasing the number of risky projects, it raises income inequality. By extending insurance to more agents, it reduces it. As a result, the relationship between the size of the market for risk sharing and income inequality is hump-shaped. Empirical evidence from a cross-section of sixty-eight countries, and a panel of fifty countries over the period 1976-2000, supports the predictions of the model.

Improving the risk concept: a revision of Arrow-Pratt theory in the context of controlled dynamic stochastic environments

In the literature on risk, one generally assume that uncertainty is uniformly distributed over the entire working horizon, when the absolute risk-aversion index is negative and constant. From this perspective, the risk is totally exogenous, and thus independent of endogenous risks. The classic procedure is "myopic" with regard to potential changes in the future behavior of the agent due to inherent random fluctuations of the system. The agent's attitude to risk is rigid. Although often criticized, the most widely used hypothesis for the analysis of economic behavior is risk-neutrality. This borderline case must be envisaged with prudence in a dynamic stochastic context. The traditional measures of risk-aversion are generally too weak for making comparisons between risky situations, given the dynamic �complexity of the environment. This can be highlighted in concrete problems in finance and insurance, context for which the Arrow-Pratt measures (in the small) give ambiguous.

Optimal feedback control rules sensitive to controlled endogenous risk-aversion

The objective of this paper is to correct and improve the results obtained by Van der Ploeg (1984a, 1984b) and utilized in the theoretical literature related to feedback stochastic optimal control sensitive to constant exogenous risk-aversion (see, Jacobson, 1973, Karp, 1987 and Whittle, 1981, 1989, 1990, among others) or to the classic context of risk-neutral decision-makers (see, Chow, 1973, 1976a, 1976b, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1993). More realistic and attractive, this new approach is placed in the context of a time-varying endogenous risk-aversion which is under the control of the decision-maker. It has strong qualitative implications on the agent's optimal policy during the entire planning horizon.