Re-opening the black box in societal metabolism: the application of MuSIASEM to water

In this paper we address the complexity of the analysis of water use in relation to the issue of sustainability. In fact, the flows of water in our planet represent a complex reality which can be studied using many different perceptions and narratives referring to different scales and dimensions of analysis. For this reason, a quantitative analysis of water use has to be based on analytical methods that are semantically open: they must be able to define what we mean with the term “water” when crossing different scales of analysis. We propose here a definition of water as a resource that deal with the many services it provides to humans and ecosystems. WE argue that water can fulfil so many of them since the element has many characteristics that allow for the resource to be labelled with different attributes, depending on the end use –such as drinkable. Since the services for humans and the functions for ecosystems associated with water flows are defined on different scales but still interconnected it is necessary to organize our assessment of water use across different hierarchical levels. In order to do so we define how to approach the study of water use in the Societal Metabolism, by proposing the Water Metabolism, tganized in three levels: societal level, ecosystem level and global level. The possible end uses we distinguish for the society are: personal/physiological use, household use, economic use. Organizing the study of “water use” across all these levels increases the usefulness of the quantitative analysis and the possibilities of finding relevant and comparable results. To achieve this result, we adapted a method developed to deal with multi-level, multi-scale analysis - the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach - to the analysis of water metabolism. In this paper, we discuss the peculiar analytical identity that “water” shows within multi-scale metabolic studies: water represents a flow-element when considering the metabolism of social systems (at a small scale, when describing the water metabolism inside the society) and a fund-element when considering the metabolism o ecosystems (at a larger scale when describing the water metabolism outside the society). The theoretical analysis is illustrated using two case which characterize the metabolic patterns regarding water use of a productive system in Catalonia and a water management policy in Andarax River Basin in Andalusia.

Assessing the environmental impact of water consumption by energy crops grown in Spain

The environmental impact of the water consumption of four typical crop rotations grown in Spain, including energy crops, was analyzed and compared against Spanish agricultural and natural reference situations. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used for the assessment of the potential environmental impact of blue water (withdrawal from water bodies) and green water (uptake of soil moisture) consumption. The latter has so far been disregarded in LCA. To account for green water, two approaches have been applied: the first accounts for the difference in green water demand of the crops and a reference situation. The second is a green water scarcity index, which measures the fraction of the soil-water plant consumption to the available green water. Our results show that, if the aim is to minimize the environmental impacts of water consumption, the energy crop rotations assessed in this study were most suitable in basins in the northeast of Spain. In contrast, the energy crops grown in basins in the southeast of Spain were associated with the greatest environmental impacts. Further research into the integration of quantitative green water assessment in LCA is crucial in studies of systems with a high dependence on green water resources.

Condicions socioecològiques de la riera d'Arbúcies pel retorn de la llúdriga (Lutra lutra)

La llúdriga (Lutra lutra) va desaparèixer de la conca de la Tordera a causa de la pressió humana sobre ella i el seu hàbitat. Recentment les seves poblacions s’estan recuperant a las conques nord de Catalunya. En aquest context es presenta els resultats dels anàlisis dels requeriments socioecològics de la llúdriga en l’afluent del riu Tordera de la riera d’Arbúcies: qualitat del bosc de ribera, valoració de la contaminació de l’aigua i l’anàlisi de les poblacions d’ictiofauna, a més de l’estimació de l’espècie més abundant. L’evolució de l’ús i cobertes del sòl del sòl mostren que existeix una tendència augment en las masses forestals, zones urbanitzades i infraestructures; també una disminució del camps de cultiu, fruiters i vinyes. La qualitat del bosc de ribera es va valorar a partir del l’índex QBR, obtenint que la màxima qualitat es localitza en el tram alt, disminuint a mesura que s’apropa a la desembocadura al Tordera. La contaminació de l’aigua a estat valorada, per una banda analitzant la qualitat biològica a partir dels índexs IPS i BMWPC, obtenint que la qualitat de l’aigua disminueix a mesura que transcorre riu avall, segons l’IPS. Amb el BMWPC es troba que existeix una recuperació de la qualitat de l’aigua en l’últim tram. Per altra banda s’han analitzat el compostos químics que afecten a la llúdriga, obtenint que les concentracions d’aquest no són rellevants a l’aigua. S’ha analitzat l’estructura de la població d’ictiofauna present, trobant que el Barbus meridionalis és l’espècie més abundant en tots el trams, a més d’augmentar en captures a mesura que l’aigua s’apropa al aiguabarreig amb la Tordera. S’ha estimat la biomassa present d’aquesta espècie, concloent que es suficient per mantenir una població no gaire densa de llúdrigues, inferior a 0,15 individus per kilòmetre de riu.

Estimation of Water Circulation in a Mediterranean Salt Marsh and its Relationship with Flooding Causes

Variations in water volume in small depressions in Mediterranean salt marshes in Girona (Spain) are described and the potential causes for these variations analysed. Although the basins appear to be endorrheic, groundwater circulation is intense, as estimated from the difference between water volume observed and that expected from the balance precipitation / evaporation. The rate of variation in volume (VR = AV / VAt) may be used to estimate groundwater supply ('circulation'), since direct measurements of this parameter are impossible. Volume.conductivity figures can also be used to estimate the quantity of circulation, and to investigate the origin of water supplied to the system. The relationships between variations in the volume of water in the basins and the main causes of flooding are also analysed. Sea storms, rainfall levels and strong, dry northerly winds are suggested as the main causes of the variations in the volumes of basins. The relative importance assigned to these factors has changed, following the recent regulation of freshwater flows entering the system

Impacts of climate change on water resources in the Mediterranean basin : a case study in Catalonia, Spain

Most climate change projections show important decreases in water availability in the Mediterranean region by the end of this century. We assess those main climate change impacts on water resources in three medium-sized catchments with varying climatic conditions in north-eastern Spain. A combination of hydrological modelling and climate projections with B1 and A2 IPCC emission scenarios is performed to infer future stream flows. The largest reduction (22-48% for 2076-2100) of stream flows is expected in the headwaters of the two wettest catchments, while lower decreases (22-32% for 2076-2100) are expected in the drier one. In all three catchments, autumn and summer are the seasons with the most notable projected decreases in stream flow, 50% and 34%, respectively (2076-2100). Thus, ecological flows might be noticeably impacted by climate change in the catchments, especially in the headwaters of those wet catchments.