The global carbon budget:a conflicting claims problem

Despite global environmental governance has traditionally couched global warming in terms of annual CO2 emissions (a flow), global mean temperature is actually determined by cumulative CO2 emissions in the atmosphere (a stock). Thanks to advances of scientific community, nowadays it is possible to quantify the \global carbon budget", that is, the amount of available cumulative CO2 emissions before crossing the 2oC threshold (Meinshausen et al., 2009). The current approach proposes to analyze the allocation of such global carbon budget among countries as a classical conflicting claims problem (O'Neill, 1982). Based on some appealing principles, it is proposed an efficient and sustainable allocation of the available carbon budget from 2000 to 2050 taking into account different environmental risk scenarios. Keywords: Carbon budget, Conflicting claims problem, Distribution, Climate change. JEL classification: C79, D71, D74, H41, H87, Q50, Q54, Q58.

Aludes de nieve. Riesgo actual y riesgo futuro.

Los aludes son fenómenos recurrentes que se producen con una gran variedad de situaciones nivo-meteorológicas. Las actuaciones para minimizar el riesgo son básicamente dos: la predicción temporal (boletín del peligro de aludes), que hay que mantener, y la predicción en el espacio (cartografías). El riesgo de ser afectado por un alud se percibe con total indefensión por la población cuando un alud de gran magnitud impacta sobre un edificio o una infraestructura. Por tanto, es necesaria una legislación del uso de suelo que obligue a considerar los riesgos naturales en la calificación de suelos no urbanizables, basada en mapas de inventario y peligrosidad. Así se puede proteger a la población no especialista frente a las amenazas naturales extremas. Respecto al cambio climático, el IPCC, en su Tercer Informe de Evaluación expone una serie de probables escenarios de cambio climático a escala global. En todos ellos se concluye que muy probablemente las temperaturas mínimas serán más altas (irán en aumento), habrá menos días fríos, días de heladas y olas de frío en casi todas las zonas continentales. esto va a conllevar la elevación de la isoterma de 0ºC hacia mayores altitudes y, por lo tanto, la elevación del límite del manto nivoso continuo durante el invierno hacia mayores altitudes. Respecto a la precipitación y también a escala global, no se puede concluir que vaya a haber un incremento positivo de los eventos de temporal extremos, por lo que no se puede concluir que vaya a haber una variación del número de aludes extremos. Respecto al riesgo futuro, en el mejor de los casos se van a seguir produciendo aludes de la misma o mayor magnitud y en los mismos lugares. El deterioro del bosque de protección es muy probable, por lo será necesaria una buena gestión forestal. La minimización del riesgo deberá basarse en una buena legislación y una buena gestión territorial.

World Polarization in carbon emissions, potential conflict and groups: an updated revision

Typically, conflicts in world environmental negotiations are related, amongst other aspects, to the level of polarization of the countries in groups with conflicting interests. Given the predictable relationship between polarization and conflict, it would seem logical to evaluate the degree to which the distribution of countries – for example, in terms of their CO2 emissions per capita – would be structured through groups which in themselves are antagonistic, as well as their evolution over time. This paper takes the concept of polarization to explore this distribution for the period 1992-2010, looking at different analytic approaches related to the concept. Specifically, it makes a comparative evaluation of the results associated with endogenous multi-polarization measures (i.e. EGR and DER indices), exogenous measures (i.e. Z-K or multidimensional index) and strict bipolarization measures (i.e. Wolfson’s measure). Indeed, the interest lies not only in evaluating the global situation of polarization by comparing the different approaches and their temporal patterns, but also in examining the explanatory capacity of the different proxy groups used as a possible reference for designing global environmental policy from a group premise. JEL codes: D39; Q43; Q56. Key words: polarization; carbon emissions; conflict;

Identification and conservation of remnant genetic resources of brown trout in relict populations from Western Mediterranean streams

Brown trout is a cold-adapted freshwater species with restricted distribution to headwater streams in rivers of the South European peninsulas, where populations are highly vulnerable because Mediterranean regions are highly sensitive to the global climatic warming. Moreover, these populations are endangered due to the introgressive hybridization with cultured stocks. Individuals from six remnant populations in Western Mediterranean rivers were sequenced for the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and genotyped for 11 nuclear markers. Three different brown trout lineages were present in the studied region. Significant genetic divergence was observed among locations and a strong effect of genetic drift was suggested. An important stocking impact (close to 25%) was detected in the zone. Significant correlations between mitochondrial-based rates of hatchery introgression and water flow variation suggested a higher impact of stocked females in unstable habitats. In spite of hatchery introgression, all populations remained highly differentiated, suggesting that native genetic resources are still abundant. However, climatic predictions indicated that suitable habitats for the species in these rivers will be reduced and hence trout populations are highly endangered and vulnerable. Thus, management policies should take into account these predictions to design upstream refuge areas to protect remnant native trout in the region