Straightening out the concept of direct and indirect input requirements

Gim & Kim (1998) proposed a generalization of Jeong (1982, 1984) reinterpretation of the Hawkins-Simon condition for macroeconomic stability to off-diagonal matrix elements. This generalization is conceptually relevant for it offers a complementary view of interindustry linkages beyond final or net output influence. The extension is completely similar to the 'total flow' idea introduced by Szyrmer (1992) or the 'output-to-output' multiplier of Miller & Blair (2009). However the practical implementation of Gim & Kim is actually faulty since it confuses the appropriate order of output normalization. We provide a new and elementary solution for the correct formalization using standard interindustry accounting concepts.

Direct and indirect subsidies in markets with system goods in the presence of externalities. Preliminary version

This paper derives a model of markets with system goods and two technological standards. An established standard incurs lower unit production costs but causes a negative externality. The paper derives the conditions for policy intervention and compares the effect of direct and indirect cost-reducing subsidies in two markets with system goods in the presence of externalities. If consumers are committed to the technology by purchasing one of the components, direct subsidies are preferable. For a medium-low cost difference between technological standards and a low externality cost it is optimal to provide a direct subsidy only to the first technology adopter. As the higher the externality cost raises, the more technology adopters should be provided with direct subsidies. This effect is robust in all extensions. In the absence of consumers commitment to a technological standard indirect and direct subsidies are both desirable. In this case, the subsidy to the first adopter is lower then the subsidy to the second adopter. Moreover, for the low cost difference between technological standards and low externality cost the fi rst fi rm chooses a superior standard without policy intervention. Finally, a perfect compatibility between components based on different technological standards enhances an advantage of indirect subsidies for medium-high externality cost and cost difference between technological standards. Journal of Economic Literature Classi fication Numbers: C72, D21, D40, H23, L13, L22, L51, O25, O33, O38. Keywords: Technological standards; complementary products; externalities; cost-reducing subsidies; compatibility.

Increasing quasiconcave production and utility functions with diminishing returns to scale

In microeconomic analysis functions with diminishing returns to scale (DRS) have frequently been employed. Various properties of increasing quasiconcave aggregator functions with DRS are derived. Furthermore duality in the classical sense as well as of a new type is studied for such aggregator functions in production and consumer theory. In particular representation theorems for direct and indirect aggregator functions are obtained. These involve only small sets of generator functions. The study is carried out in the contemporary framework of abstract convexity and abstract concavity.

Economic and environmental effects of the CO2 taxation: an input-output analysis for Spain

CO2 emissions induced by human activities are the major cause of climate change; hence, strong environmental policy that limits the growing dependence on fossil fuel is indispensable. Tradable permits and environmental taxes are the usual tools used in CO2 reduction strategies. Such economic tools provide incentives to polluting industries to reduce their emissions through market signals. The aim of this work is to investigate the direct and indirect effects of an environmental tax on Spanish products and services. We apply an environmentally extended input-output (EIO) model to identify CO2 emission intensities of products and services and, accordingly, we estimate the tax proportional to these intensities. The short-term price effects are analyzed using an input-output price model. The effect of tax introduction on consumption prices and its influence on consumers’ welfare are determined. We also quantify the environmental impacts of such taxation in terms of the reduction in CO2 emissions. The results, based on the Spanish economy for the year 2007, show that sectors with relatively poor environmental profile are subjected to high environmental tax rates. And consequently, applying a CO2 tax on these sectors, increases production prices and induces a slight increase in consumer price index and a decrease in private welfare. The revenue from the tax could be used to counter balance the negative effects on social welfare and also to stimulate the increase of renewable energy shares in the most impacting sectors. Finally, our analysis highlights that the environmental and economic goals cannot be met at the same time with the environmental taxation and this shows the necessity of finding other (complementary or alternative) measures to ensure both the economic and ecological efficiencies. Keywords: CO2 emissions; environmental tax; input-output model, effects of environmental taxation.

Violence and displacement. Evidence from the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

This paper explores the relationship between violence and displacement during civil war focusing on two different forms of population movements (i.e. incoming and outgoing), and two different forms of violence (i.e. direct and indirect). The paper explores the relationship between displacement and violence at the local level in the context of a civil war fought conventionally using fine-grained data from 1,062 municipalities of the region of Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). First, the paper suggests that exogenous and endogenous to the war factors combine to generate patterns of resettlement. Second, the evidence indicates that, in acivil war context, refugee flows and violence are interrelated in multiple ways: the arrival of internal refugees in a locality promotes the perpetration of direct violence against civilians; this, in turn, triggers the departure of people from the locality when the other group approaches. Third, indirect violence (i.e. bombings) shows to be the most significant factor accounting for external displacement at the local level, suggesting that bombing can serve as a strong signal for civilians of the type of armed group they are facing. Finally, the Spanish case suggests that the demographic changes provoked by displacement, combined with the lethality of the conflict, are likely to have long-term political consequences.

Regulatory framework of local citizen participation: Instruments of Direct and Participative Democracy in the Municipal Field

This article focuses on the analysis of the regulatory framework of citizen participation in the local government, which organises direct and participatory democracy at the local level, and identifies the laws and mechanisms through which the constitutional requirements for participation are accomplished. Mu nicipalities, the authority closest to citizens, are the best level of government since they directly involve civil society in the decision-making process experiencing the scope and appropriateness of the instruments by which it is channeled.

Canvi climàtic i malalties infeccioses

El canvi climàtic és una realitat i té efectes, tant directes com indirectes, sobre la salut. Són necessàries actuacions concertades per abordar aquestes qüestions de salut pública plantejades pel canvi climàtic, així com també disposar de mecanismes per predir quina serà la seva evolució. En aquest projecte es discuteixen les malalties infeccioses adquirides a través de diferents vies (artròpodes vectors, rosegadors, aigua, aliments i aire) en referència al canvi climàtic al món i també a Catalunya. Basat en una extensa revisió dels treballs i articles publicats, i de comentaris d’experts, es presenta una avaluació dels canvis de les malalties infeccioses: incidència, prevalença i distribució dels patògens i vehicles transmissors en un entorn canviant. En el present estudi es detallen alguns dels casos més estudiats i demostrats d’emergència i reemergència de brots infecciosos a diferents zones del planeta associats a certes variacions en les variables climàtiques. Degut a l’alt nivell d’incertesa sobre el ritme del canvi climàtic i el seu impacte sobre les malalties infeccioses, es proposa un seguit de línies de futur. Una de les propostes és crear una xarxa integrada de dades ambientals i epidemiològiques, amb capacitat de connectar aquestes dades amb la vigilància dels patògens, vectors i de la qualitat de l’aigua, entre d’altres factors. Aquestes anàlisis podrien orientar les estratègies d’actuació en un futur per la protecció de la salut de la població.

Cuestiones de pintura y miniatura en Cerdeña: modelos, intercambios y relaciones internacionales en la segunda mitad del siglo XV

Durante el siglo XV Cerdeña desempeña, gracias a su posicionamiento geográfico en el centro del Mediterráneo, un papel muy importante en la red de comercio internacional. Este movimiento económico-cultural fomenta una extensa producción artística que está caracterizada por depender fuertemente de la presencia en la isla de talleres y artistas catalanes. Al día de hoy se conoce muy poco la presencia y las características de la pintura del gótico tardío en la Cerdeña. Las dificultades encontradas por los investigadores en la reconstrucción de la historia del arte sarda de esta época son numerosas y difíciles de solucionar. El problema depende de la falta de fuentes documentales (directas e indirectas), de la gran dispersión de muchísimas obras, de la inaccesibilidad de unas de las obras más interesantes; del desplazamiento casi total de las obras de su sitio original, y del total anonimato de la mayoría de los artistas. En estas condiciones la única solución para alcanzar nuevos elementos científicos es: integrar los conocimientos procedente de las fuentes documentales; ampliar la practica metodológica (multidisciplinariedad), conectar el tejido sardo (pintura, miniatura, grabados) con el ámbito internacional. El objetivo final es introducir la pintura sarda en un contexto más amplio, para poder descubrir el sistema de modelos y de relaciones artísticas, que la conectan con el mundo artístico mediterráneo. El trabajo de este primer año ha sido particularmente intenso y complicado por las dificultades encontradas en ponerse en un tema tan vasto como lo de la pintura y los modelos figurativos de la segunda mitad del siglo XV. Principales objetivos: averiguar toda la bibliografía conocida sobre el tema e intentar ampliar los estudios cada vez que se encontraban indicios sobre posibles autores y obras sardas; empezar el trabajo de catalogación de las obras pictóricas (conocidas o recien descubiertas.)

Assessing the viability of power-supply systems: a tentative protocol

This Technical Report presents a tentative protocol used to assess the viability of powersupply systems. The viability of power-supply systems can be assessed by looking at the production factors (e.g. paid labor, power capacity, fossil-fuels) – needed for the system to operate and maintain itself – in relation to the internal constraints set by the energetic metabolism of societies. In fact, by using this protocol it becomes possible to link assessments of technical coefficients performed at the level of the power-supply systems with assessments of benchmark values performed at the societal level throughout the relevant different sectors. In particular, the example provided here in the case of France for the year 2009 makes it possible to see that in fact nuclear energy is not viable in terms of labor requirements (both direct and indirect inputs) as well as in terms of requirements of power capacity, especially when including reprocessing operations.

El riesgo de depredación y la competencia intraespecífica alteran el comportamiento de dispersión de semillas por parte de roedores

Los roedores tienen un importante papel como dispersores/depredadores de bellotas en los bosques Mediterráneos de Quercus spp. Existe abundante información del efecto de factores intrínsecos de las semillas (tamaño, composición) en la selección de las bellotas por estos animales, mientras que la influencia de otros procesos como el riesgo de depredación o la competencia intraespecífica han estado mucho menos estudiados. En un bosque mixto de encina y roble en el Parque Natural de Collserola, se ha investigado el patrón de dispersión/depredación de bellotas por parte del ratón de campo (Apodemus sylvaticus) en función del riesgo de depredación por parte de jineta (Genetta genetta) y la competencia intraespecífica (mediante un experimento en el que estos factores se simulaban a partir de olores). Un censo previo determinó que la población de roedores presente en el área de estudio estaba formada principalmente por Apodemys sylvaticus. Éstos respondieron al tratamiento de olor pues se observó un retraso significativo en la manipulación de bellotas de jineta respecto a los otros dos tratamientos. Asimismo, respecto a la distancia de dispersión se observó que las bellotas del tratamiento con olor a ratón eran dispersadas a menor distancia, a una distancia intermedia las de jineta y a mayor distancia las del tratamiento control. En todos los tratamientos, las bellotas dispersadas a zonas de microhábitat abierto fueron menos depredadas. Este trabajo sugiere que el patrón espacio temporal de dipersión/depredación de bellotas en bosques de encina y roble puede tener una elevada complejidad, a la vez que subraya el interés de mantener la integridad de las redes tróficas por sus efectos directos e indirectos sobre las poblaciones de organismos situados a diferentes niveles.

How does ownership structure invfluence bank risk? Analyzing the role of managerial incentives

This paper analyzes how ownership concentration and managerial incentives influences bank risk for a large sample of US banks over the period 1997-2007. Using 2SLS simultaneous equations models, we show that ownership concentration has a positive total effect on bank risk. This is the result of a positive direct effect, which reflects monitoring and opportunistic behavior, and a negative indirect effect, which works through the design of managerial incentive contracts and reflects shareholder preferences toward risk. Large shareholders reduce bank risk by reducing the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (Vega) and by increasing the CEO pay-performance sensitivity (Delta). In addition, we show that the direct and indirect effect of ownership concentration on bank risk depends on the type of the largest shareholder (a family, a bank, a corporation or an institutional investor), as well as, on the total shareholding held by each type as a group. Our results suggest that the positive relation between ownership concentration and risk is not the result of preferences towards more risk. Rather, they point at opportunistic behavior of large shareholders.

Análisis empírico del comportamiento de los costes en las explotaciones agrícolas mediante datos de la red contable agraria nacional

In this article an empirical analyse of farming costs is performed withinthe frame of the activity based costing, employing a panel data set ofCatalan farms. One the main conclusions of the study is that there islimited association for transaction and farm costs, especially in indirectcosts. Direct and indirect costs are mainly driven by volume production.

Embodied pollution in Spanish household consumption: a disaggregate analysis

[spa] En este artículo aplicamos un modelo input-output ampliado medioambientalmente para analizar un aspecto específico de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental. El propósito del estudio es analizar si las estructuras de consumo de los hogares con una mejor ‘posición económica’ pueden tener un efecto positivo para reducir las presiones medioambientales. Para ello combinamos información de diferentes bases de datos para analizar el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica del consumo de diferentes hogares españoles en el año 2000. Consideramos nueve gases, i.e. los seis gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, y PFCs) y otros tres gases (SO2, NOx, y NH3). Clasificamos los hogares en quintiles de gasto per capita y quintiles de gasto equivalente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hay una relación positiva y elevada entre el nivel de gasto y las emisiones directas e indirectas generadas por el consumo de los hogares; sin embargo, las intensidades de emisión tienden a disminuir con el nivel de gasto para los diferentes gases, con la excepción de SF6, HFCs, y PFCs.

Embodied pollution in Spanish household consumption: a disaggregate analysis

[spa] En este artículo aplicamos un modelo input-output ampliado medioambientalmente para analizar un aspecto específico de la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental. El propósito del estudio es analizar si las estructuras de consumo de los hogares con una mejor ‘posición económica’ pueden tener un efecto positivo para reducir las presiones medioambientales. Para ello combinamos información de diferentes bases de datos para analizar el impacto de la contaminación atmosférica del consumo de diferentes hogares españoles en el año 2000. Consideramos nueve gases, i.e. los seis gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, HFCs, y PFCs) y otros tres gases (SO2, NOx, y NH3). Clasificamos los hogares en quintiles de gasto per capita y quintiles de gasto equivalente. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que hay una relación positiva y elevada entre el nivel de gasto y las emisiones directas e indirectas generadas por el consumo de los hogares; sin embargo, las intensidades de emisión tienden a disminuir con el nivel de gasto para los diferentes gases, con la excepción de SF6, HFCs, y PFCs.

"Et hoc facimus propter necessitatem famis...". Possibilitats de les fonts documentals catalanes per a l'estudi de les crisis alimentàries dels segles X-XIII

European studies of famines before the thirteenth century have been based principally on chronicles and especially on information from monastic annals. These sources, which are especially numerous during the so-called Carolingian Cultural Renaissance, offer abundant evidence of a phenomenon scarcely mentioned in other types of sources, including archival sources: the frequency and gravity of crises of food supply in some regions of continental Europe during the central middle ages, an epoch which, being situated between the terrible famines of the carolingian period and the great panademics of the fourteenth century, has been considered a period “without famines.” The object of this article is to shed light on the limitations of medieval catalan chronicle sources for the reconstruction of food-supply crises which affected the catalan counties in the tenth through the thirteenth centuries and illustrate, in contrast, the multiple opportunities offered by sources from the lordly archives. A significant part of these archival sources are connected in a direct and indirect manner to the difficulties of the rural and urban populations during famines and therefore, in a broad sense, can be considered a consequence of these crises.