El problema de una sensibilización del campo de la moralidad en la filosofia trascendental de Kant

La problemática de la investigación se plantea en el contexto de la filosofía trascendental de Kant, en relación al modo en que es en general posible para nosotros representarnos el ámbito de la moralidad. Nuestra comprensión natural o preteórica del funcionamiento del lenguaje parece llevarnos a entender el significado de nuestras palabras en términos de la relación que se establece entre el signo lingüístico y el objeto: nuestros términos lingüísticos están en el lugar del objeto extralingüístico a que refieren y que constituye su significado. A nuestro modo de ver, la afirmación kantiana relativa a que todo nuestro conocimiento comienza con la experiencia, es decir, con aquello que procede de los sentidos, parece estar apuntando a esta intuición fundamental. Ahora bien, la cuestión que cabe plantearse es: de acuerdo con este modelo de significación, ¿cuál es el significado de nuestros términos morales? Si, con Kant, aceptamos que el concepto de deber moral exige el cumplimiento (u omisión) incondicionado de una acción y que, precisamente por las exigencias de universalidad y necesidad que le son inherentes, tal concepto es inderivable de la experiencia, cabe preguntarse cuál es el significado del concepto de deber en sentido moral (y, en general, de los términos morales) y de qué manera somos capaces de representárnoslo. Mi investigación ha pretendido esclarecer precisamente en qué sentido debe entenderse la afirmación kantiana de que en la reflexión sobre la corrección moral de nuestras acciones, para representarnos las exigencias de universalidad y necesidad que son propias del concepto de deber moral, nos servimos analógicamente del concepto de naturaleza, así como analizar la plausibilidad de la propuesta kantiana misma.

Importance of international linkages for local know-how flows. Some econometric evidence from Belgium

External knowledge is an important input for the innovation process of firms. Increasingly, this knowledge is likely to originate fromoutside of their national borders. This explains the preoccupationof policymakers with stimulating local technology transfers coming from international firms. We find that firms that have access to the international technology market are more likely to transfer technology to the local economy. In doing so, we qualify the traditional assertion that multinational firms are more likelyto transfer technology to the local economy. Once controlled for the superior access to the international technology market that multinationals enjoy, we find that these firms are not more likelyto transfer technology to the local economy compared to exportingor local firms that have access to the international technology market. In summary, the main result of this paper is that it isnot so much the international character of the firms, but rathertheir access to the international technology market that is important for generating external knowledge transfers to the local economy.

Averting risk in the face of large losses: Bernoulli vs. Tversky and Kahneman

We experimentally question the assertion of Prospect Theory that people display risk attraction in choices involving high-probability losses. Indeed, our experimental participants tend to avoid fair risks for large (up to ? 90), high-probability (80%) losses. Our research hinges on a novel experimental method designed to alleviate the house-money bias that pervades experiments with real (not hypothetical) loses.Our results vindicate Daniel Bernoulli?s view that risk aversion is the dominant attitude,But, contrary to the Bernoulli-inspired canonical expected utility theory, we do find frequent risk attraction for small amounts of money at stake.In any event, we attempt neither to test expected utility versus nonexpected utility theories, nor to contribute to the important literature that estimates value and weighting functions. The question that we ask is more basic, namely: do people display risk aversion when facing large losses, or large gains? And, at the risk of oversimplifying, our answer is yes.

The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification,and a key to amber Stephanidae.

The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues comb. rev.(Stephanidae, Electrostephaninae) is re-described from a single male preserved in middle Eocene Baltic Amber. The holotype was lost or destroyed around the time of World War II and subsequent interpretations of its identity have been based solely on the brief descriptive comments provided by Brues in his original account. The new specimen matches the original description and illustration provided by Brues in every detail and we hereby consider them to be conspecific, selecting the specimen as a neotype for the purpose of stabilizing the nomenclature for this fossil species. This neotype exhibits a free first metasomal tergum and sternum, contrary to the assertion of previous workers who indicated these to be fused. Accordingly, this species does indeed belong to the genus Electrostephanus Brues rather than to Denaeostephanus Engel & Grimaldi (Stephaninae). Electrostephanus petiolatus is transferred to a new subgenus, Electrostephanodes n. subgen. , based on its elongate pseudo- petiole and slender gaster, but may eventually warrant generic status as the phylogenetic placement of these fossil lineages continues to be clarifi ed. A revised key to the Baltic amber crown wasps is provided.