The Quest for the Oracle Birds: Researching the Chinese Community in Colonial Mexico (1565-1700)

The Asian Diaspora in the Americas in the 16th and 17th has been neglected by scholars for a long time. This fact is baffling, not only for the great interest of this topic in of itself, but also because it could provide new knowledge of colonial Mexico, especially in terms of the interaction among the many groups that populated the colony. This early movement of people and ideas across the largest extension of water in the planet is characteristic of what has been called the ¿archaic globalization,¿ and thus research on these matters could contribute to the history of globalization.In this presentation, I seek to further elaborate on the themes outlined by Edward Slack in The Chinos in New Spain: A Corrective Lens for a Distorted Image, an article published in 2009 in the Journal of World History. Firstly, I would like to bring forth some evidence that indicates that Asian religious practices were present in Mexico in the 1600s. Furthermore, I will argue that the traces of these practices are still visible today, in the form of a popular fortune-telling tradition. Secondly, I intend to provide some information about the arrival, settlement and distribution of the Asian Diaspora. I will focus on their distribution within Mexico City. Thirdly, I will elaborate on their occupations, social status and daily life, as well as in the patterns in marriages and relations with other groups. And lastly, I will show how the guild of barbers served as an Asian immigrant reception network.

Las rutas del libro atlántico: libros enviados en el navío de Honduras (1557-1700)

En este trabajo se analizan los envíos de libros en el navío de Honduras, que viajaba entre Sevilla y los puertos atlánticos de la costa centroamericana. Examinamos una muestra de 52 registros de navíos, que suponen un 20% del total. Esto nos ha permitido localizar lotes de libros declarados en 34 barcos, en los que se han encontrado 130 envíos de libros. Este conjunto ayuda a detectar las claves del circuito de llegada de los libros, muy poco conocido, por medio de comerciantes, libreros y particulares. El estudio de los intermediarios también permitió localizar algunas de las redes que intervienen en ese tráfico de libros. Por último, el estudio de los títulos embarcados ha llevado a encontrar una muestra significativa de los textos impresos en Europa que llegaron en los siglos XVI y XVII al área de Guatemala y Honduras.

L'Obra mèdica catalana de dos cirurgians del 1700: Anton de Borja i Carles Pallejà

En aquest llibre trobem l'obra de 1672 "Principios de cirugía útiles y provechosos, para que puedan aprovecharse los principiantes en esta facultad" del cirurgià espanyol Jerónimo de Ayala. És una còpia editada per Carles Pallejà a partir d'una traducció d'Anton de Borja.Tot plegat ve presentat i acompanyat d'un estudi de l'autor, Pere Vallribera, així com d'una crítica històrica del text original i el seu context.

Sociología de las profesiones sanitarias en Mérida: 1700-1833

A més d'un cens dels professionals sanitaris, en aquest llibre es porta a terme un estudi profund de la seva mentalitat, del nepotisme existent entre ells, els privilegis, la jerarquització i els contractes salarials. L'autor també fa una anàlisi de l'origen geogràfic d'aquests professionals i de la seva extracció social. Tot plegat sorgeix de l'estudi d'arxius municipals i parroquials.

La literatura jurídica, un mirall entelat de les guerres, les revoltes i les paus en la Catalunya dels anys 1640-1700

Aquest text s’emmarca en dos projectes de recerca: a) SEJ2006-15051-C03-01 “El derecho histórico en los pueblos de España: ámbitos público y privado (siglos XII-XXI)”, dirigit per Tomàs de Montagut, catedràtic d’Història del Dret a la UPF; b) HAR2008-03291/HIST “La formación del estado borbónico (1700-1746), dirigit per Joaquim Albareda, catedràtic d’Història Moderna també a la UPF.

Mercado y precios. El Almudí de Lérida, 1700-1833

En el presente trabajo se analiza el origen del almudí de Lérida –mercado de granos de la ciudad, su funcionamiento y su papel en el territorio. En base a la mercurial de Lérida, hemos elaborado una nueva serie de los precios del trigo siguiendo el año agrícola y utilizando cinco mercados, uno por semana. Finalmente, se presenta un primer estudio comparativo para el periodo 1757/58-1807/08 entre estos precios de Lérida y los de Barcelona, elaborados con la misma metodología. Las fuentes principales son los registros de precios y las actas del ayuntamiento de Lérida. Los precios del almudí serán un referente para el conjunto de la Cataluña occidental y el Aragón oriental. A pesar de que el mercado de Lérida está poco regulado, en los momentos de crisis de la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y en el primer tercio de la siguiente centuria, la municipalidad realiza diversas acciones a favor de los vecinos más necesitados. Estas iniciativas nos remiten a la economía moral. Si bien los nuevos precios de Lérida son, en general, muy similares a los equivalentes realizados con el mercado central del mes, las diferencias son muy significativas para determinados momentos críticos. Este hecho confirma la necesidad de elaborar precios de mayor calidad para los diferentes mercados catalanes y españoles. Finalmente, la comparación de los precios de Lérida y Barcelona del período 1777/78-1807/08 con 1757/58-1776/77, permite confirmar que las coyunturas críticas del último tercio del siglo XVIII y comienzos del siglo XIX provocan respuestas de los diferentes agentes económicos de la Cataluña occidental que retrasan temporalmente la transferencia de la información que reflejan los precios de Barcelona a los precios del almudí de Lérida.

Making Space for Festival 1400-1700. Interactions of Architecture and Performance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Festivals

Las relaciones entre actos festivos y espacios arquitectónicos, y las modalidades con que las ceremonias cortesanas llegaban a modificar los centros urbanos y las residen- cias palaciegas, han sido los temas principales del congreso internacional Making Space for Festival, 14001700. Interactions of Architecture and Performance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Festivals, que tuvo lugar del 21 al 24 de marzo de 2013 en el Palacio Pesaro-Papafava de Venecia, residencia de la Universidad de Warwick en la Laguna. La Society for European Festivals Research (SEFR), entidad vinculada a esta universidad, ha promovido el encuentro junto con la Red PALATIUM financia- da por el Research Networking Programme de la European Science Fundation (ESF) (2010-2015), dedicada al estudio de las residencias palaciegas de la Edad Moderna como espacios de intercambios políticos y culturales. El tema de las jornadas nacía de la unión de los intereses científicos de los grupos organizadores, dejando lugar a temáticas diferentes como: la articulación de un mensaje festivo a lo largo del recorri- do de procesiones y entradas públicas, la financiación y los aspectos más prácticos de la puesta en escena de un evento festivo, la tipificación de ceremonias y decoraciones en determinados contextos, el intercambio cultural a través de la fiesta, o la recepción de las modificaciones de los espacios por parte de los espectadores

La Filosofia Política de Maquiavel a Locke (segles XVI i XVII)

Versió Word d'una pàgina web expositiva sobre la filosofia política entre els anys 1500 i 1700.

The Three Horsemen of Growth: Plague, War and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe

How did Europe overtake China? We construct a simple Malthusian model with two sectors, and use it to explain how European per capita incomes and urbanization rates could surge ahead of Chinese ones. That living standards could exceed subsistence levels at all in a Malthusian setting should be surprising. Rising fertility and falling mortality ought to have reversed any gains. We show that productivity growth in Europe can only explain a small fraction of rising living standards. Population dynamics - changes of the birth and death schedules - were far more important drivers of the longrun Malthusian equilibrium. The Black Death raised wages substantially, creating important knock-on effects. Because of Engel's Law, demand for urban products increased, raising urban wages and attracting migrants from rural areas. European cities were unhealthy, especially compared to Far Eastern ones. Urbanization pushed up aggregate death rates. This effect was reinforced by more frequent wars (fed by city wealth) and disease spread by trade. Thus, higher wages themselves reduced population pressure. Without technological change, our model can account for the sharp rise in European urbanization as well as permanently higher per capita incomes. We complement our calibration exercise with a detailed analysis of intra-European growth in the early modern period. Using a panel of European states in the period 1300-1700, we show that war frequency can explain a good share of the divergent fortunes within Europe.

Banking as an emerging technology: Hoare's Bank, 1702-1742

London s financial market underwent dramatic change after 1700. More limitedthan Paris or Amsterdam in the seventeenth century, London became the leadingfinancial centre in Europe in the eighteenth century. There is an extensive andgrowing literature on the causes of this change, but comparatively little on thechange itself. This article provides detailed information on the operation of theLondon financial market around 1700 by describing the operations of a nascentLondon bank.

The three horsemen of riches: Plague, war and urbanization in early modern Europe

How did Europe escape the "Iron Law of Wages?" We construct a simple Malthusian model withtwo sectors and multiple steady states, and use it to explain why European per capita incomes andurbanization rates increased during the period 1350-1700. Productivity growth can only explain a smallfraction of the rise in output per capita. Population dynamics changes of the birth and death schedules were far more important determinants of steady states. We show how a major shock to population cantrigger a transition to a new steady state with higher per-capita income. The Black Death was such ashock, raising wages substantially. Because of Engel's Law, demand for urban products increased, andurban centers grew in size. European cities were unhealthy, and rising urbanization pushed up aggregatedeath rates. This effect was reinforced by diseases spread through war, financed by higher tax revenues.In addition, rising trade also spread diseases. In this way higher wages themselves reduced populationpressure. We show in a calibration exercise that our model can account for the sustained rise in Europeanurbanization as well as permanently higher per capita incomes in 1700, without technological change.Wars contributed importantly to the "Rise of Europe", even if they had negative short-run effects. We thustrace Europe s precocious rise to economic riches to interactions of the plague shock with the belligerentpolitical environment and the nature of cities.

Thin silicon films ranging from amorphous to nanocrystalline obtained by Hot-Wire CVD

In this paper, we have presented results on silicon thin films deposited by hot-wire CVD at low substrate temperatures (200 °C). Films ranging from amorphous to nanocrystalline were obtained by varying the filament temperature from 1500 to 1800 °C. A crystalline fraction of 50% was obtained for the sample deposited at 1700 °C. The results obtained seemed to indicate that atomic hydrogen plays a leading role in the obtaining of nanocrystalline silicon. The optoelectronic properties of the amorphous material obtained in these conditions are slightly poorer than the ones observed in device-grade films grown by plasma-enhanced CVD due to a higher hydrogen incorporation (13%).

Self-similar community structure in a network of human interactions

We propose a procedure for analyzing and characterizing complex networks. We apply this to the social network as constructed from email communications within a medium sized university with about 1700 employees. Email networks provide an accurate and nonintrusive description of the flow of information within human organizations. Our results reveal the self-organization of the network into a state where the distribution of community sizes is self-similar. This suggests that a universal mechanism, responsible for emergence of scaling in other self-organized complex systems, as, for instance, river networks, could also be the underlying driving force in the formation and evolution of social networks.

En torno a los efectos de la edad en el aprendizaje escolar de una lengua extrangera

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.