Mètodes de visualització i dinàmica de gasos relacionats amb l'escalat de cintes superconductores en planta prepilot

Ara ja fa un segle del descobriment de la superconductivitat. Aquest fenomen quàntic macroscòpic té aplicacions en el camp de la diagnosi mèdica per MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), que permet obtenir imatges internes detallades del cos humà o en aplicacions científiques com el SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device), amb el que es poden mesurar camps magnètics molt dèbils, amb límits de detecció fins a 10-15 T. Però les aplicacions dels superconductors no es limiten ni molt menys a aquests camps ja que s‟estan fent grans esforços per poder processar cintes superconductores a gran escala per tal de poder aplicar aquest fenomen a cables de conducció elèctrica, motors, generadors, transformadors, etc. Amb això s‟aconseguiria un increment notable de l‟eficiència energètica amb la consegüent disminució de l‟emissió de gasos d‟efecte hivernacle. En aquest projecte, realitzat al grup de Superconductivitat i Nanoestructuració a Gran Escala de l„ICMAB, s‟han fet diversos muntatges experimentals per tal de poder observar i entendre millor el procés de piròlisi d‟una solució precursora de YBCO en forma de capes primes a sobre de diferents substrats. Aquesta etapa és determinant per obtenir en el procés de creixement una capa texturada i d‟ alta densitat de corrent crítica (Jc). Per això s‟ha fet ús d‟un sistema que permet realitzar la piròlisi de forma relativament ràpida mentre s‟enregistra en vídeo l‟evolució de la capa. En totes les mostres pirolitzades s‟ha estudiat la qualitat, textura i morfologia superficial. També s‟ha intentat veure de forma qualitativa el comportament dinàmic dels gasos a dins d‟una cavitat cilíndrica, que és la geometria utilitzada fins ara per créixer cintes superconductores. Finalment s‟han dissenyat diferents tipus de bufadors per tal d‟introduir els gasos de forma transversal i no longitudinal dins del forn tubular durant el tractament tèrmic, fet que dóna lloc a un increment de la superfície superconductora homogènia. El projecte es distribueix en diferents parts. Inicialment es fa una introducció als superconductors d‟alta temperatura així com els mètodes de fabricació actuals de les cintes superconductores. Seguidament s‟expliquen els objectius que pretenem assolir. En un apartat posterior descrivim les tècniques experimentals utilitzades. Seguidament detallem tots els resultats obtinguts junt amb les seves caracteritzacions. Finalment estudiem el impacte ambiental que ha tingut la realització d‟aquest projecte. Detallem el cost del mateix en un pressupost. En tres annexes ampliem alguns subapartats que per manca d‟espai en el text principal no hem pogut desenvolupar.

Elasticity and melting of vortex crystals in anisotropic superconductors: Beyond the continuum regime.

The elastic moduli of vortex crystals in anisotropic superconductors are frequently involved in the investigation of their phase diagram and transport properties. We provide a detailed analysis of the harmonic eigenvalues (normal modes) of the vortex lattice for general values of the magnetic field strength, going beyond the elastic continuum regime. The detailed behavior of these wave-vector-dependent eigenvalues within the Brillouin zone (BZ), is compared with several frequently used approximations that we also recalculate. Throughout the BZ, transverse modes are less costly than their longitudinal counterparts, and there is an angular dependence which becomes more marked close to the zone boundary. Based on these results, we propose an analytic correction to the nonlocal continuum formulas which fits quite well the numerical behavior of the eigenvalues in the London regime. We use this approximate expression to calculate thermal fluctuations and the full melting line (according to Lindeman's criterion) for various values of the anisotropy parameter.

Growth of a vortex polycrystal in type II superconductors

We discuss the formation of a vortex polycrystal in type II superconductors from the competition between pinning and elastic forces. We compute the elastic energy of a deformed grain boundary, which is strongly nonlocal, and obtain the depinning stress for weak and strong pinning. Our estimates for the grain size dependence on the magnetic field strength are in good agreement with previous experiments on NbMo. Finally, we discuss the effect of thermal noise on grain growth.

Random mixtures with orientational order, and the anisotropic resistivity tensor of high Tc superconductors

By generalizing effective-medium theory to the case of orientationally ordered but positionally disordered two component mixtures, it is shown that the anisotropic dielectric tensor of oxide superconductors can be extracted from microwave measurements on oriented crystallites of YBa2Cu3O7¿x embedded in epoxy. Surprisingly, this technique appears to be the only one which can access the resistivity perpendicular to the copper¿oxide planes in crystallites that are too small for depositing electrodes. This possibility arises in part because the real part of the dielectric constant of oxide superconductors has a large magnitude. The validity of the effective-medium approach for orientationally ordered mixtures is corroborated by simulations on two¿dimensional anisotropic random resistor networks. Analysis of the experimental data suggests that the zero-temperature limit of the finite frequency resistivity does not vanish along the c axis, a result which would simply the existence of states at the Fermi surface, even in the superconducting state

First-principles periodic calculation of four-body spin terms in high-Tc cuprate superconductors

A general mapping between the energy of pertinent magnetic solutions and the diagonal terms of the spin Hamiltonian in a local representation provides the first general framework to extract accurate values for the many body terms of extended spin Hamiltonians from periodic first-principle calculations. Estimates of these terms for La2CuO4, the paradigm of high-Tc superconductor parent compounds, and for the SrCu2O3 ladder compound are reported. For La2CuO4, present results support experimental evidence by Toader et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 197202 (2005)]. For SrCu2O3 even larger four-body spin amplitudes are found together with Jl/Jr=1 and non-negligible ferromagnetic interladder exchange.

First-principles periodic calculation of four-body spin terms in high-Tc Cuprate superconductors

A general mapping between the energy of pertinent magnetic solutions and the diagonal terms of the spin Hamiltonian in a local representation provides the first general framework to extract accurate values for the many body terms of extended spin Hamiltonians from periodic first-principle calculations. Estimates of these terms for La2CuO4, the paradigm of high-Tc superconductor parent compounds, and for the SrCu2O3 ladder compound are reported. For La2CuO4, present results support experimental evidence by Toader et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 197202 (2005)]. For SrCu2O3 even larger four-body spin amplitudes are found together with Jl/Jr=1 and non-negligible ferromagnetic interladder exchange.

Effective t-J model Hamiltonian parameters of monolayered cuprate superconductors from ab initio electronic structure calculations

The magnetic coupling constant of selected cuprate superconductor parent compounds has been determined by means of embedded cluster model and periodic calculations carried out at the same level of theory. The agreement between both approaches validates the cluster model. This model is subsequently employed in state-of-the-art configuration interaction calculations aimed to obtain accurate values of the magnetic coupling constant and hopping integral for a series of superconducting cuprates. Likewise, a systematic study of the performance of different ab initio explicitly correlated wave function methods and of several density functional approaches is presented. The accurate determination of the parameters of the t-J Hamiltonian has several consequences. First, it suggests that the appearance of high-Tc superconductivity in existing monolayered cuprates occurs with J/t in the 0.20¿0.35 regime. Second, J/t=0.20 is predicted to be the threshold for the existence of superconductivity and, third, a simple and accurate relationship between the critical temperatures at optimum doping and these parameters is found. However, this quantitative electronic structure versus Tc relationship is only found when both J and t are obtained at the most accurate level of theory.

Phenomenological models of holographic superconductors and hall currents

We study general models of holographic superconductivity parametrized by four arbitrary functions of a neutral scalar field of the bulk theory. The models can accommodate several features of real superconductors, like arbitrary critical temperatures and critical exponents in a certain range, and perhaps impurities or boundary or thickness effects. We find analytical expressions for the critical exponents of the general model and show that they satisfy the Rushbrooke identity. An important subclass of models exhibit second order phase transitions. A study of the specific heat shows that general models can also describe holographic superconductors undergoing first, second and third (or higher) order phase transitions. We discuss how small deformations of the HHH model can lead to the appearance of resonance peaks in the conductivity, which increase in number and become narrower as the temperature is gradually decreased, without the need for tuning mass of the scalar to be close to the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound. Finally, we investigate the inclusion of a generalized ¿theta term¿ producing Hall effect without magnetic field.