An overall statistic for testing symmetry in social interactions

The present work focuses the attention on the skew-symmetry index as a measure of social reciprocity. This index is based on the correspondence between the amount of behaviour that each individual addresses to its partners and what it receives from them in return. Although the skew-symmetry index enables researchers to describe social groups, statistical inferential tests are required. The main aim of the present study is to propose an overall statistical technique for testing symmetry in experimental conditions, calculating the skew-symmetry statistic (Φ) at group level. Sampling distributions for the skew- symmetry statistic have been estimated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation in order to allow researchers to make statistical decisions. Furthermore, this study will allow researchers to choose the optimal experimental conditions for carrying out their research, as the power of the statistical test has been estimated. This statistical test could be used in experimental social psychology studies in which researchers may control the group size and the number of interactions within dyads.

Chaos in human behavior: the case of work motivation

This study considers the complex dynamics of work motivation. Forty-eight employees completed a work-motivation diary several times per day over a period of four weeks. The obtained time series were analysed using different methodologies derived from chaos theory (i.e. recurrence plots, Lyapunov exponents, correlation dimension and surrogate data). Results showed chaotic dynamics in 75% of cases. The findings confirm the universality of chaotic behavior within human behavior, challenge some of the underlying assumptions on which work motivation theories are based, and suggest that chaos theory may offer useful and relevant information on how this process is managed within organizations.

Measuring and making decisions for social reciprocity

Social reciprocity may explain certain emerging psychological processes, which are likely to be founded on dyadic relations. Although some indices and statistics have been proposed to measure and make statistical decisions regarding social reciprocity in groups, these were generally developed to identify association patterns rather than to quantify the discrepancies between what each individual addresses to his/her partners and what is received from them in return. Additionally, social researchers are not only interested in measuring groups at the global level, since dyadic and individual measurements are also necessary for a proper description of social interactions. This study is concerned with a new statistic for measuring social reciprocity at the global level and with decomposing it in order to identify those dyads and individuals which account for a significant part of asymmetry in social interactions. In addition to a set of indices some exact analytical results are derived and a way of making statistical decisions is proposed.

Frames and games

Decision-makers are sometimes influenced by the way in which choice situations are presented to them or "framed" This can be seen as an important challenge to the social sciences, since strong and pervasive framing effects would make it difficult to study human behavior in a synthetic or theoretic manner. We present results from experiments with dilemma games designed to shed light on the effects of several frame variations. We study, among others, the particular public bad frame used by Andreoni (1995) and two more naturalistic frames involving stories. Our results show that none of the frame manipulations have a significant effect on average behavior, but we do find some effects on extreme behavior. We also find that incentives do matter where frames do not matter.

Cap a una nova geografia regional? Notícia del seminari celebrat a la ciutat dels quatre rius

Del 28 al 30 de juny de 1989 se celebra a Girona el I Curs d'Estiu de Geografia, en el marc dels Cursos d'Estiu de l'Estudi General de Girona -Universidad Internacional Menéndez y Pelayo. La primera edició d'aquest curs es dedica a la geografia regional. Es tractava d'impulsar una discussió a fons sobre la revifalla del concepte de regió, observada no solament des d’algunes de les perspectives geogràfiques més innovadores, sinó també des d'altres camps de les ciències socials i humanes. Ens trobem davant d'una seriosa reconsideració teòrica i metodològica de la perspectiva regional, que inclou, alhora, una suggeridora reflexió sobre el paper que el lloc, el context espacial, té o hauria de tenir en l'explicació dels fenòmens socials, polítics i econòmics que afecten la nostra vida quotidiana. El text que segueix a continuació és una breu noticia de l’esmentat curs

L'educacio social al llindar del segle XXI

L'estat del benestar neix amb l'industrialisme dels anys 50 i amb l'organització que se'n va derivar. Tot i que el nou missatge del benestar va ser rebutjat per algunes filosofies de substrat existencialista i criticat per part de determinades posicions sociològiques, el cert és que, per primera vegada a la història de l'home, es va pensar, es va parlar i es va gestionar a favor d'una «societat del benestar». A més, aquest innovador estil d'organització política i social va afectar gairebé tots els àmbits de la vida occidental. La investigació científica, el progrés de les ciències socials, la superació d'alguns vells valors i les incerteses que l'apogeu industrial va comportar per a la convivència humana van ser algunes de les novetats culturals lligades al fenomen del benestar.

El papel del trabajo social en el Sueño de Barrio

Una de las preocupaciones importantes en el mundo del trabajo social es la calidad de las comunicaciones dentro de la Red de Servicios Sociales y la fluidez y operatividad de las relaciones de ésta con el entorno y personas para las que trabaja. De ello depende la calidad vida de gran parte de la ciudadanía de los pueblos y los barrios de nuestras ciudades. A través de la experiencia que se está llevando a cabo en dos barrios de Albacete veremos cómo la metodología de Comunidades de Aprendizaje es también un valioso instrumento para transformar la Red, reelaborándola a partir del sueño conjunto entre profesionales del trabajo social, entidades, la comunidad de aprendizaje y las personas participantes-usuarias de la Red. El acento, en este artículo, se sitúa en la posición que las personas profesionales del trabajo social ocupan en este"Sueño de barrio" y la importancia del fomento de los actos comunicativos dialógicos en su práctica profesional como garantía de mejora y transformación social.

Quan el cervell compara, apareix l'enveja

Encara que potser no en siguem conscients, en qualsevol interacció social, des de les més afectuoses fins a les més competitives, sempre ens comparem amb els altres, i comparem els altres amb els estàndards que tenim interioritzats, la qual cosa ens permet identificar-nos com a éssers individuals dins un entorn social i ens ajuda a trobar el lloc que més ens pot afavorir en cada situació concreta. Un treball que s"acaba de publicar a Integrative Systems, realitzat per Gayannée Kedia i els seus col·laboradors, de les universitats de Colònia (Alemanya), Cardiff (Gal·les) i Graz (Àustria), identifica els mecanismes neurals mitjançant els quals aquestes comparacions condicionen el sistema de recompensa del cervell i de retruc la imatge que construïm de nosaltres mateixos. Demostra que són a la base dels sentiments d"enveja i també del plaer que de vegades podem sentir per la dissort dels altres.

Efectes de la deshumanització subtil

No és fàcil entendre la violència a gran escala com en les guerres i el terrorisme, o la que es produeix en situacions en què hi ha una evident desigualtat entre els implicats com la violència de gènere, pel que fa a la força física; el racisme, pel nombre de persones, o la que exerceixen determinats lobbies sobre sectors de la població, pel seu poder econòmic i d'influència sobre les estructures polítiques, sense considerar l'existència de processos mentals de deshumanització. Dins el nostre cervell la deshumanització s'activa de manera molt fàcil en contextos grupals en què hi ha situacions de guany o pèrdua, i pot prendre dues formes diferents: l'anomenada animalística, que fa que les víctimes es percebin com a infrahumanes (en el sentit que hom considera que tenen menys drets), i la mecanística, que fa que es percebin pràcticament com a objectes, la qual cosa evita que s'empatitzi amb el seu dolor. Fins fa poc es pensava que les rutes neurals implicades s'activaven sobretot en contextos de gran violència, però un treball publicat a Frontiers in Human Neuroscience assenyala que, de manera subtil, és present en moltes de les nostres relacions diàries, en contextos socialment acceptats i fins i tot considerats positius. Però malgrat això les conseqüències acumulatives poden tenir un gran impacte personal i social.

Noradrenergic stimulation enhances human action monitoring

Noradrenergic neurotransmission has been associated with the modulation of higher cognitive functions mediated by the prefrontal cortex. In the present study, the impact of noradrenergic stimulation on the human action-monitoring system, as indexed by eventrelated brain potentials, was examined. After the administration of a placebo or the selective 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine, which stimulates firing in the locus ceruleus and noradrenaline release, electroencephalograpic recordings were obtained from healthy volunteers performing a letter flanker task. Yohimbine led to an increase in the amplitude of the error-related negativity in conjunction with a significant reduction of action errors. Reaction times were unchanged, and the drug did not modify the N2 in congruent versus incongruent trials, a measure of preresponse conflict, or posterror adjustments as measured by posterror slowing of reaction time. The present findings suggest that the locus ceruleusnoradrenaline system exerts a rather specific effect on human action monitoring.

Nucleus accumbens is involved in human action monitoring: evidence from invasive electrophysiological recordings

The Nucleus accumbens (Nacc) has been proposed to act as a limbic-motor interface. Here, using invasive intraoperative recordings in an awake patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disease (OCD), we demonstrate that its activity is modulated by the quality of performance of the subject in a choice reaction time task designed to tap action monitoring processes. Action monitoring, that is, error detection and correction, is thought to be supported by a system involving the dopaminergic midbrain, the basal ganglia, and the medial prefrontal cortex. In surface electrophysiological recordings, action monitoring is indexed by an error-related negativity (ERN) appearing time-locked to the erroneous responses and emanating from the medial frontal cortex. In preoperative scalp recordings the patient's ERN was found to be signifi cantly increased compared to a large (n = 83) normal sample, suggesting enhanced action monitoring processes. Intraoperatively, error-related modulations were obtained from the Nacc but not from a site 5 mm above. Importantly, crosscorrelation analysis showed that error-related activity in the Nacc preceded surface activity by 40 ms. We propose that the Nacc is involved in action monitoring, possibly by using error signals from the dopaminergic midbrain to adjust the relative impact of limbic and prefrontal inputs on frontal control systems in order to optimize goal-directed behavior.

Aproximación conceptual a los sectores y ámbitos de intervención de la educación social

En este artículo, en primer lugar, se define Educación social y Pedagogía social y, a continuación, se desarrolla una aproximación a los sectores y los ámbitos de intervención de la educación social. Así, se describen diversas variables interdependientes que configuran los sectores de intervención y las áreas institucionales de la educación social, remarcándose el carácter complementario y los puntos de intersección existentes entre las mencionadas variables. A continuación, se describen los ámbitos específicos de intervención de la educación social que presentan carácter transversal, ya que afectan a diversos grupos de edad, a diferentes necesidades o problemáticas singulares y desde posiciones institucionales plurales. Finalmente, se apuntan unas breves reflexiones acerca de algunos nuevos posibles espacios de acción de la educación social que pueden tomar fuerza y singularidad a lo largo de las primeras décadas del nuevo milenio.

The Spanish cadet in the European military context a comparative analysis of the professional socialisation

Research on the attitudes, motivations and social and political behavior of European cadets have been made throughout the last decade. Nowadays Spain also joins those surveys. Thru the analysis of polling data, we can consider the different attitudes of Spanish cadets in relation with the other European ones. The conclusion is that although the Spanish political transition to democracy has not ended already in the military teaching system, there are a lot of similarities among Spanish and European cadets.

Discovering similarities in the time use patterns of the Spanish Autonomous Communities by Fuzzy techniques

In 2000 the European Statistical Office published the guidelines for developing theHarmonized European Time Use Surveys system. Under such a unified framework,the first Time Use Survey of national scope was conducted in Spain during 2002–03. The aim of these surveys is to understand human behavior and the lifestyle ofpeople. Time allocation data are of compositional nature in origin, that is, they aresubject to non-negativity and constant-sum constraints. Thus, standard multivariatetechniques cannot be directly applied to analyze them. The goal of this work is toidentify homogeneous Spanish Autonomous Communities with regard to the typicalactivity pattern of their respective populations. To this end, fuzzy clustering approachis followed. Rather than the hard partitioning of classical clustering, where objects areallocated to only a single group, fuzzy method identify overlapping groups of objectsby allowing them to belong to more than one group. Concretely, the probabilistic fuzzyc-means algorithm is conveniently adapted to deal with the Spanish Time Use Surveymicrodata. As a result, a map distinguishing Autonomous Communities with similaractivity pattern is drawn.Key words: Time use data, Fuzzy clustering; FCM; simplex space; Aitchison distance

An attempt to go beyond conventional financial accounting information

Conventional financial accounting informationis slanted in favour of certain economic interests. This paper argues in favour ofaccounting information capturing and showingrelevant aspects of the economic-social situation,and of decision-making based on it allowingfor decisions to be taken with economic-social,and not purely economic-weighted, awareness.