Occurrence and bioaccumulation study of PCDD and PCDF from mineral feed additives

Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was evaluated in sepiolite as a widely employed binder and anti-caking agent for animal feed. Also, naturally contaminated kaolinitic clay was used for comparative purposes. Since sepiolite shows remarkable adsorption properties, particular interest was paid to the extraction steps as they become critical for the final determination of these pollutants in such matrixes. Furthermore, classical Soxhlet extraction using different extracting strategies as well as acid treatment were carried out with simultaneous liquid-liquid extraction. Results obtained depended on the extraction procedure applied. Acid treatment or Soxhlet extraction using a mixture of toluene:ethanol as solvent allowed to reach the minimum requirements of recovery rates. However, Soxhlet extraction using a mixture cyclohexane:toluene as extracting solvent did not allow to comply with minimum specifications for recovery. Significant differences were obtained in TEQ units when acid treatment was applied in comparison to Soxhlet extraction. This fact can be explained because the use of drastic acid conditions allows removing strongly adsorbed analytes which can be uniquely extracted after a total destruction of the crystalline structure of sepiolite. On the contrary, Soxhlet extraction was not able to destroy the structure of sepiolite and as a consequence the PCDDs/Fs were strongly adsorbed in the internal structure of the mineral. From biological point of view the availability of these toxicants constitutes a critical aspect playing an important role in the final decision choosing particular analytical procedures. Then, acid conditions in the digestive tract should be taken into account. In this scenario, a bioaccumulation study was conducted to evaluate the transference of PCDDs/PCDFs from the sepiolite into the animal tissues when fed with feed containing sepiolite. To this end, chickens were used as a model to examine the bioavailability of PCDDs/PCDFs. Four groups of chickens were exposed through their diet to a control feed, feed with 3% w/w sepiolite as additive, feed contaminated with PCDDs/PCDFs at concentration around 2.8 pg WHO-TEQ/g and feed with 2% of a contaminated kaolinitic clay (460 pg TEQ/g mineral). Livers of the four studied groups were analyzed throughout the exposure period. Results of this trial showed that the performance of broilers was not affected by the presence of dioxins at levels tested, and chickens did not show any abnormal behaviour. Dioxins intentionally added to the diet were absorbed and accumulated in the liver in a significant manner, whereas the PCDDs/Fs from sepiolite were not available for chickens since livers from broilers fed 3% sepiolite presented similar WHO-TEQ values than those from broilers fed control diet.

Screen printed La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 thick films on alumina substrates

We report here on the preparation of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 magnetoresistive thick films on polycrystalline Al2O3 substrates by using the screen printing technique. It is shown that films can be obtained using high temperature sintering. While there is a reacted layer, this improves adhesion and is not too troublesome if the films are made thick enough. It is shown that PbO-B2O3-SiO2 glass additives allow sintering at lower temperatures and can be used to improve the mechanical stress of the films. However, it is found that glass concentrations large enough to significantly improve the film adherence result in a weak low field magnetoresistance probably because grains are coated with high resistivity material. Strategies to overcome these difficulties are discussed.

Coordenades cromàtiques

Treball de recerca realitzat per una alumna d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2008. L’objectiu d’aquest treball de recerca és estudiar els diferents sistemes de coordenades de colors en mescles additives i subtractives i les seves aplicacions pràctiques en la transmissió i la reproducció d’imatges en color. Primer de tot es va fer una recerca bibliogràfica sobre les característiques elementals de la llum, sobre els trets més importants de l’anatomia de l’ull humà i sobre la corba CIE i l’estudi de les coordenades cromàtiques i les seves aplicacions. D’altra banda, es va confeccionar una maqueta de l’obtenció de la corba CIE, elaborada en metacrilat. S’han complert els objectius previstos amb una exposició sistemàtica i clara dels diferents tipus de coordenades cromàtiques i les seves aplicacions amb exemples originals de l’autora. Amb les aplicacions de mescles additives, s’ha pogut veure la gran importància que tenen les coordenades per a la transmissió i l’emmagatzemament d’imatges. A més a més les coordenades subtractives són de gran utilitat en les impressions. Finalment s’ha pogut veure que, gràcies a les coordenades, es permet la codificació i la transmissió dels colors.

Transformació d'una màquina de tecnologia additiva per a la fabricació d'scaffolds

Grup de Recerca en Enginyeria de Producte, Procés i Producció de la Universitat de Girona té en les seves instal•lacions una RepRap model Prusa Mendel. Un dels seus àmbits d’investigació és el sector mèdic. Una de les aplicacions més innovadores de les tecnologies additives, emmarcada dins del camp mèdic, és la fabricació de scaffolds. En la medicina regenerativa, els scaffolds s’utilitzen com estructures biodegradables implantables que serveixen de base per a la correcte reproducció de teixit a partir de cèl•lules no diferenciades. L’objecte del projecte és aconseguir fabricar scaffolds amb la Reprap. Per tald’assolir aquest objectiu final caldran molts passos previs. En el moment que s’inicia elpresent projecte la RepRap té tots els seus components muntats, el cablejat instal•lat i el firmware inicial a la placa. Així, en primer lloc cal obtenir una correcta comunicació entre la màquina i l’ordinador a través del qual es podrà accedir a la placa per tal de realizar ajustaments. Una vegada la màquina obeeixi les ordres de moviment en la magnitud i la direcció desitjada serà el moment d’ajustar els paràmetres propis de la impressió. Aquests varien en funció de l’extrusor i el material a utilitzar. En aquest punt es passarà a dissenyar i fabricar diferents tipus de scaffolds variant les estratègies i les geometries. Aquests dissenys seran testats mecànicament a compressió. També seran analitzats geomètricament i se’n determinarà la porositat. Finalment, a partir de l’anàlisi dels resultats s’intentarà trobar una relació entre les diferents formes geomètriques, les porositats i la resistència

Gas sensing properties of catalytically modified WO3 with copper and vanadium for NH3 detection

Ammonia gas detection by pure and catalytically modified WO3 based gas sensor was analysed. The sensor response of pure WO3 to NH3 was not only rather low but also presented an abnormal behaviour, probably due to the unselective oxidation of ammonia to NOx. Copper and vanadium were introduced in different concentrations and the resulting material was annealed at different temperatures in order to improve the sensing properties for NH3 detection. The introduction of copper and vanadium as catalytic additives improved the response to NH3 and also eliminated the abnormal behaviour. Possible mechanisms of NH3 reaction over these materials are discussed. Sensor responses to other gases like NO2 or CO and the interference of humidity on ammonia detection were also analysed so as to choose the best sensing element.

Comparative sensitivity of tumor and non-tumor cell lines as reliable approach for in vitro cytotoxicity screening of lysine-based surfactants with potential pharmaceutical applications

Surfactants are used as additives in topical pharmaceuticals and drug delivery systems. The biocompatibility of amino acid-based surfactants makes them highly suitable for use in these fields, but tests are needed to evaluate their potential toxicity. Here we addressed the sensitivity of tumor (HeLa, MCF-7) and non-tumor (3T3, 3T6, HaCaT, NCTC 2544) cell lines to the toxic effects of lysine-based surfactants by means of two in vitro endpoints (MTT and NRU). This comparative assay may serve as a reliable approach for predictive toxicity screening of chemicals prior to pharmaceutical applications. After 24-h of cell exposure to surfactants, differing toxic responses were observed. NCTC 2544 and 3T6 cell lines were the most sensitive, while both tumor cells and 3T3 fibroblasts were more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of surfactants. IC50-values revealed that cytotoxicity was detected earlier by MTT assay than by NRU assay, regardless of the compound or cell line. The overall results showed that surfactants with organic counterions were less cytotoxic than those with inorganic counterions. Our findings highlight the relevance of the correct choice and combination of cell lines and bioassays in toxicity studies for a safe and reliable screen of chemicals with potential interest in pharmaceutical industry.

Qualitat i consum ceràmic de la sigillata augustal. Noves vies d'estudi i interpretació a partir de l'Arqueometria

[spa] En este estudio se presentan los resultados del trabajo realizado sobre la calidad de las diferentes producciones de terra sigillata comercializadas en época de Augusto, como paso previo al estudio del consumo. A partir de la apiicación de técnicas arqueométricas, se han establecido criterios objetivos en algunos casos, cuantitativos como son la resistencia a la ruptura de las diferentes vajillas analizadas y la adherencia y el estado de sinterización de su barniz. De este modo, ha sido posible determinar la existencia de las diversas calidades, que deben influenciar el consumo cerámico.

Production of nanometric particles in radio frequency glow discharges in mixtures of silane and methane

The formation of silicon particles in rf glow discharges has attracted attention due to their effect as a contaminant during film deposition or etching. However, silicon and silicon alloy powders produced by plasma¿enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) are promising new materials for sintering ceramics, for making nanoscale filters, or for supporting catalytic surfaces. Common characteristics of these powders are their high purity and the easy control of their stoichiometry through the composition of the precursor gas mixture. Plasma parameters also influence their structure. Nanometric powders of silicon¿carbon alloys exhibiting microstructural properties such as large hydrogen content and high surface/volume ratio have been produced in a PECVD reactor using mixtures of silane and methane at low pressure (-1 Torr) and low frequency square¿wave modulated rf power (13.56 MHz). The a¿Si1¿xCx:H powders were obtained from different precursor gas mixtures, from R=0.05 to R=9, where R=[SiH4]/([SiH4]+[CH4]). The structure of the a¿Si1¿xCx:H powder was analyzed by several techniques. The particles appeared agglomerated, with a wide size distribution between 5 and 100 nm. The silane/methane gas mixture determined the vibrational features of these powders in the infrared. Silicon-hydrogen groups were present for every gas composition, whereas carbon¿hydrogen and silicon¿carbon bonds appeared in methane¿rich mixtures (R-0.6). The thermal desorption of hydrogen revealed two main evolutions at about 375 and 660¿°C that were ascribed to hydrogen bonded to silicon and carbon, respectively. The estimated hydrogen atom concentration in the sample was about 50%.