Fiat Money, Intrinsic Properties, and Government Transaction Policy

Why do people coordinate on the use of valueless pieces of paper as generally accepted money? A possible answer is that these objects have intrinsic properties that make them better candidates to be used as media of exchange. Another answer stresses the fact that unconvertible fiat money will not easily appear unless there is a centralized institution that favors its use. The main objective of the paper is to analyze these questions. In order to do this, we take a model of commodity money in which fiat money does not play any significant role and modify it to examine under which circumstances fiat money might come to circulate as medium of exchange. Some of the results obtained from the model differ in a rather substantial way from previous related literature.

Fiat money, intrinsic properties and government transaction policy

Why do people coordinate on the use of valueless piecesof paper as generally accepted money? A possible answeris that these objects have intrinsic properties that make them better candidates to be used as media of exchange. Another answer stresses the fact that unconvertible fiat money will not easily appear unless there is a centralized institution that favors its use.The main objective of the paper is to analyze these questions. In order to do this, we take a model of commodity money in which fiat money does not play any significant role and modify it to examine under which circumstances fiat money might come to circulate as medium of exchange. Some of the results obtained from the model differ in a rather substantial way from previous related literature.

A Model of ethnic conflict

We present a model of conflict, in which discriminatory government policy or social intolerance is responsive to various forms of ethnic activism, including violence. It is this perceived responsiveness -captured by the probability that the government gives in and accepts a proponed change in ethnic policy- that induces individuals to mobilize in support for their cause. Yet, mobilization is costly and demonstrators have to be compensated accordingly. Individuals have to weigh their ethnic radicalism with their material well-being to determine the size of their money contribution to the cause. Our main results are: (i) a one-sided increase in radicalism or in population size increases conflict; (ii) a one-sided increase in income has ambiguous effects depending on the elasticity of contributions to income; (iii) an increase in within-group inequality increases conflict; and (iv) an increase in the correlation between ethnic radicalism and inequality also increases conflict.

The link between public support and private R&D effort: What is the optimal subsidy?

The effectiveness of R&D subsidies can vary substantially depending on their characteristics. Specifically, the amount and intensity of such subsidies are crucial issues in the design of public schemes supporting private R&D. Public agencies determine the intensities of R&D subsidies for firms in line with their eligibility criteria, although assessing the effects of R&D projects accurately is far from straightforward. The main aim of this paper is to examine whether there is an optimal intensity for R&D subsidies through an analysis of their impact on private R&D effort. We examine the decisions of a public agency to grant subsidies taking into account not only the characteristics of the firms but also, as few previous studies have done to date, those of the R&D projects. In determining the optimal subsidy we use both parametric and nonparametric techniques. The results show a non-linear relationship between the percentage of subsidy received and the firms’ R&D effort. These results have implications for technology policy, particularly for the design of R&D subsidies that ensure enhanced effectiveness.

Una aproximació al Pla de Polítiques de Dones del Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya 2008/2011

La recerca es fonamenta en el Pla de Polítiques de Dones pel període 2008/2011 de la Generalitat de Catalunya. En aquest treball de recerca i a partir d'aquest Pla és pretén conformar una geografia del que han estat les polítiques de dones, els seus resultats, si han estat efectives i la prospecció de quins poden ser els següents passos o fites tant a curt, mitjà i llarg termini. Així mateix, es farà una especial menció al tema de la violència masclista fent, en primer lloc, una aproximació interdisciplinar, per centrar-nos en el que pretén el Pla dins d'aquesta greu problemàtica tot procurant extreure unes conclusions.

Els Plans locals de joventut: una forma de participació juvenil

Aquest treball neix de l’interès per conèixer quin és el funcionament dels Plans Locals de Joventut (PLJ), com a instrument per treballar les polítiques de joventut, i el paper de la participació juvenil entorn aquest context. La temàtica principal és els PLJ però en relació amb la participació, el jovent i les polítiques de joventut actuals

Analysis of Irish tourism policy’s contribution to urban tourism: Dublin case study

L’objectiu principal del treball és analitzar les polítiques i plans turístics irlandesos nacionals, regionals i locals, i determinar com aquestos influeixen en el turisme urbà a Dublín. L’objectiu secundari és investigar el concepte de turisme urbà i examinar les tendències turístiques actuals i la seva repercussió en la formulació de polítiques

Polítiques de joventut estatals a Europa : una perspectiva comparada

Recerca en política comparada a Europa, concretament sobre les polítiques estatals de joventut. L’objectiu és identificar característiques singulars, idees força i pràctiques concretes, d’aquest camp de les polítiques, en alguns països europeus escollits per un seguit de factors i veure si això serveix per formular amb solvència una (o unes) classificació dels països europeus en funció del seu tipus de polítiques de joventut. En última instància també es tracta de veure si el model català de fer polítiques de joventut, és compartit per altres països i per tant homologable o és eminentment singular i únic

Els Serveis educatius en la cultura institucional: una aproximació

Es pot parlar de desafecció de la societat catalana envers els infants i els joves? Com es manifesta aquesta desafecció en l’àmbit de la cultura institucional? A partir d’una aproximació als serveis educatius de vint equipaments culturals de la ciutat de Barcelona, aquest treball proposa un seguit de dades, indicadors i observacions per assajar una resposta a aquestes qüestions

I ara què? que hi ha en polítiques de joventut després del Plans de Joventut?

Fa més de 10 anys del primer Pla Nacional de Joventut de Catalunya, del pas de les polítiques de suport a l’associacionisme a les polítiques integrals, i amb aquestes la prolífica etapa dels Plans de Joventut i de l’expansió real de les polítiques de joventut al territori català. És a dia d’avui, en un moment de grans esdeveniments en aquest camp, en que es proposa un anàlisi sobre la futura evolució de les polítiques de joventut, basat en l’estudi i la interpretació de la informació existent i les aportacions de 9 persones vinculades al món de les polítiques de joventut

The Spanish motor industry in the first third of the 20th Century: A lost opportunity

The Spanish automobile industry had a late start. Although the country proved capable of short production runs of high-quality vehicles during the first third of the century it never managed to build up its own industry, unlike Great Britain, France, or Italy. What then, were the critical shortcomings that prevented the establishment of large Spanish motor manufacturers? Put another way, why did all of the companies set up during the first half-century fail to survive? This paper attempts to shed some light on these questions, employing a wide-ranging analysis of both internal and external factors affecting the industry. A feeble internal market, lack of resources and production factors are usually adduced as reasons, as are Spain's general economic backwardness and the role played by the public authorities. However, this paper mainly focuses on the internal factors concerning company strategy and organisation. A comparison with the Italian case helps put the traditional arguments in proper perspective and highlights those covering business strategies. Finally, we argue that a broad range of factors needs to be analysed to fully understand why Spain failed to establish a motor industry.

European research funding and regional technological capabilities: Network composition analysis

We use network and correspondence analysis to describe the compositionof the research networks in the European BRITE--EURAM program. Our mainfinding is that 27\% of the participants in this program fall into one oftwo sets of highly ``interconnected'' institutions --one centered aroundlarge firms (with smaller firms and research centers providing specializedservices), and the other around universities--. Moreover, these ``hubs''are composed largely of institutions coming from the technologically mostadvanced regions of Europe. This is suggestive of the difficulties of attainingEuropean ``cohesion'', as technically advanced institutions naturally linkwith partners of similar technological capabilities.

Evaluating the impact of public subsidies on a firm's performance: a quasi-experimental approach

Many regional governments in developed countries design programs to improve the competitiveness of local firms. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of public programs whose aim is to enhance the performance of firms located in Catalonia (Spain). We compare the performance of publicly subsidised companies (treated) with that of similar, but unsubsidised companies (non-treated). We use the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology to construct a control group which, with respect to its observable characteristics, is as similar as possible to the treated group, and that allows us to identify firms which retain the same propensity to receive public subsidies. Once a valid comparison group has been established, we compare the respective performance of each firm. As a result, we find that recipient firms, on average, change their business practices, improve their performance, and increase their value added as a direct result of public subsidy programs.

Evaluating the impact of public subsidies on a firm's performance: a quasi-experimental approach

Many regional governments in developed countries design programs to improve the competitiveness of local firms. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of public programs whose aim is to enhance the performance of firms located in Catalonia (Spain). We compare the performance of publicly subsidised companies (treated) with that of similar, but unsubsidised companies (non-treated). We use the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) methodology to construct a control group which, with respect to its observable characteristics, is as similar as possible to the treated group, and that allows us to identify firms which retain the same propensity to receive public subsidies. Once a valid comparison group has been established, we compare the respective performance of each firm. As a result, we find that recipient firms, on average, change their business practices, improve their performance, and increase their value added as a direct result of public subsidy programs.

Una vez más sobre la eutanasia

La discusión sobre la eutanasia continúa siendo una de las más candentes en el ámbito de la bioética. En este artículo, analizaremos el debate entre quienes rechazan la eutanasia amparándose en la santidad de la vida humana y quienes la defienden propugnando como ideas fundamentales la calidad de vida y la autonomía individual. Tras estas visiones enfrentadas, subyace una discusión más profunda entre una concepción antigua de los derechos humanos, basada en el respeto a un orden «natural» y una concepción moderna de los mismos, heredera de un humanismo laico, que considera la autonomía el principal valor.