Testing the response of macroinvertebrate functional structure and biodiversity to flooding and confinement

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relative importance of flooding- and confinement-related environmentalfeatures in explaining macroinvertebrate trait structure and diversity in a pool of wetlands located in a Mediterranean riverfloodplain. To test hypothesized trait-environment relationships, we employed a recently implemented statistical procedure, thefourth-corner method. We found that flooding-related variables, mainly pH and turbidity, were related to traits that confer an abilityof the organism to resist flooding (e.g., small body-shape, protection of eggs) or recuperate faster after flooding (e.g., short life-span, asexual reproduction). In contrast, confinement-related variables, mainly temperature and organic matter, enhanced traits that allow organisms to interact and compete with other organisms (e.g., large size, sexual reproduction) and to efficiently use habitat and resources (e.g., diverse locomotion and feeding strategies). These results are in agreement with predictions made under the River Habitat Templet for lotic ecosystems, and demonstrate the ability of the fourth-corner method to test hypothesis that posit traitenvironment relationships. Trait diversity was slightly higher in flooded than in confined sites, whereas trait richness was not significantly different. This suggests that although trait structure may change in response to the main environmental factors, as evidenced by the fourth-corner method, the number of life-history strategies needed to persist in the face of such constraints remains more or less constant; only their relative dominance differs

Firmground ichnofacies recording high-frequency marine flooding events (Langhian transgression, Vallè-Penedès Basin, Spain)

The decapod burrow Spongeliomorpha sudolica occurs associated with transgressive firmgrounds in the transition between Aragonian continental red beds and Langhian marine units in some of the inner sectors of the Vallès-Penedès Basin. This ichnospecies designates branching burrow systems with scratch marks in the walls produced by marine crustacean decapods. The occurrence of Spongeliomorpha represents an example of theGlossifungites ichnofacies. The several horizons where the traces are found are intercalated with continental red beds a few meters below the main transgressive surface, which is overlain by fossiliferous marine sandstones. The Spongeliomorpha-bioturbated layers record short, high frequency marine flooding surfaces that may be related either to actual sea-level changes or to variations in tectonic subsidence or sediment input. In any case, these flooding events punctuated the early phases of the Langhian transgression in the basin.

A Mammalian Lost World in Southwest Europe during the Late Pliocene.

Over the last decades, there has been an increasing interest on the chronology, distribution and mammal taxonomy (including hominins) related with the faunal turnovers that took place around the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition [ca. 1.8 mega-annum (Ma)] in Europe. However, these turnovers are not fully understood due to: the precarious nature of the period's fossil record; the"non-coexistence" in this record of many of the species involved; and the enormous geographical area encompassed. This palaeontological information gap can now be in part bridged with data from the Fonelas P-1 site (Granada, Spain), whose faunal composition and late Upper Pliocene date shed light on some of the problems concerning the timing and geography of the dispersals.

Improved flooding of broadcast messages using extended multipoint relaying

A common operation in wireless ad hoc networks is the flooding of broadcast messages to establish network topologies and routing tables. The flooding of broadcast messages is, however, a resource consuming process. It might require the retransmission of messages by most network nodes. It is, therefore, very important to optimize this operation. In this paper, we first analyze the multipoint relaying (MPR) flooding mechanism used by the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol to distribute topology control (TC) messages among all the system nodes. We then propose a new flooding method, based on the fusion of two key concepts: distance-enabled multipoint relaying and connected dominating set (CDS) flooding. We present experimental simulationsthat show that our approach improves the performance of previous existing proposals.

Approach to the Lower Pliocene marine-continental correlation from southern Spain. The micrommamal site of Alhaurín el Grande-1 (Málaga Basin, Betic Cordillera, Spain)

A new micromammal site at Alhaurín el Grande (Málaga, southern Spain) located above early Pliocene marine deposits allows an approach to the marine-continental correlation for this age. The early Pliocene marine filling throughout the Málaga Basin is developed in three transgressive-regressive sequences (Pl-1, Pl-2, and Pl-3 units) bounded by discontinuities. At the top of the intermediate sequence Pl-2, peaty sediments have yielded fossils of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Insectivora, and Crocodylia. The presence of Cricetus barrieri Mein & Michaux, 1970 in combination with murids, both of primitive morphology, such as Apodemus gudrunae Van de Weerd, 1976, and more advanced forms (i.e. Occitanomys brailloni Michaux, 1969 and Stephanomys donnezani cordii Ruiz Bustos, 1986), points to an early Ruscinian age (MN 14 biozone). Based on the planktonic foraminifers, the biostratigraphic data indicate that marine sediments just below the micromammal beds belong to the MPl-2 biozone of the early Zanclean. Available paleomagnetic data from the marine sediments show that the micromammal bed must be located between the normal geomagnetic subchron C3n3n (4.89-4.80 Ma) and the subchron C3n2n (4.63-4.49 Ma), limiting the age of this site to the late part of the early Zanclean.

Estimation of Water Circulation in a Mediterranean Salt Marsh and its Relationship with Flooding Causes

Variations in water volume in small depressions in Mediterranean salt marshes in Girona (Spain) are described and the potential causes for these variations analysed. Although the basins appear to be endorrheic, groundwater circulation is intense, as estimated from the difference between water volume observed and that expected from the balance precipitation / evaporation. The rate of variation in volume (VR = AV / VAt) may be used to estimate groundwater supply ('circulation'), since direct measurements of this parameter are impossible. Volume.conductivity figures can also be used to estimate the quantity of circulation, and to investigate the origin of water supplied to the system. The relationships between variations in the volume of water in the basins and the main causes of flooding are also analysed. Sea storms, rainfall levels and strong, dry northerly winds are suggested as the main causes of the variations in the volumes of basins. The relative importance assigned to these factors has changed, following the recent regulation of freshwater flows entering the system

Avaluació de la capacitat de segrest de carboni d'un sòl restaurat amb fangs de depuradora: paper de les propietats físiques del sòl

S’ha estudiat el grau de protecció física del carboni dins d’agregats de diferents mides en un sòl d’una pedrera restaurada fa 17 anys amb terres adobades amb fangs de depuradora, i s’ha interpretat el seu paper en el context del segrest de carboni en el sòl. La metodologia aplicada es basa en la d’humitejament ràpid dels agregats del sòl per immersió en aigua (Le Bissonnais, 1996), que simula l’estabilitat d'un sòl sec que es veu sotmès a processos tals com la inundació local o saturació ràpida. També s’ha determinat la quantitat de carboni oxidable present en els agregats del sòl amb el mètode de Nelson i Sommers (1982). Els resultats han mostrat que l’adobat amb fangs de depuradora contribueix a augmentar el contingut de carboni orgànic en els agregats del sòl i n’estimula el segrest a mitjà termini (unes 10 tones ha-1 en 17 anys), aportant estabilitat al sòl i protegint físicament el carboni orgànic dins dels agregats de mida major (5-2 mm). A més s’ha constatat que per determinar l’estabilitat del carboni segrestat en el sòl cal conèixer com es distribueix entre les diferents mides d’agregats. Finalment, l’augment del segrest de carboni en el sòl propiciat per l’aplicació dels fangs de depuradora li dóna més capacitat per fixar CO2 atmosfèric.

Los Mapas de riesgo de inundaciones: representación de la vulnerabilidad y aportación de las innovaciones tecnológicas

Los mapas de riesgo de inundaciones deberían mostrar las inundaciones en relación con los impactos potenciales que éstas pueden llegar a producir en personas, bienes y actividades. Por ello, es preciso añadir el concepto de vulnerabilidad al mero estudio del fenómeno físico. Así pues, los mapas de riesgo de daños por inundación son los verdaderos mapas de riesgo, ya que se elaboran, por una parte, a partir de cartografía que localiza y caracteriza el fenómeno físico de las inundaciones, y, por la otra, a partir de cartografía que localiza y caracteriza los elementos expuestos. El uso de las llamadas «nuevas tecnologías», como los SIG, la percepción remota, los sensores hidrológicos o Internet, representa un potencial de gran valor para el desarrollo de los mapas de riesgo de inundaciones, que es, hoy por hoy, un campo abierto a la investigación

Previsió d'impactes en el medi físic, derivats de l'explotació de les formacions geològiques d'interés per a la producció d'àrids, a la zona del curs mitjà del Riu Fluvià (La Garrotxa)

Potential mining of the pliocene and quaternary geological formations for the aggregate production along the medium course of the Fluvil river is likely to be carried out through gravel pits. The most significant environmental impacts are envisaged to occur during site preparation and extraction of aggregate. Several environmental impacts types have been considered: variation of water table, reduction of soil and vegetation, development of unbalanced land-forms and deterioration of landscape

Nutrientes y renovación del agua en aiguamolls de l’Empordà. (NE de la península Ibérica). Uso potencial de agua residual para la inundación de zonas húmedas

The monitoring of the ecological water quality of 'Aiguamolls de l’Empordà' Natural Park was carried out between September 1996 to August 1997. The aim was to evaluate the impact of effluent from a nearby wastewater treatment plant, on the flooding of marshes in the Natural Park. In this paper we present physical and chemical data together nutrient concentrations and its changes in the lentic system of the 'Aiguamolls de l’Empordà'. The ultimate aim was to evaluate the effect of reclaimed wastewater on the salt marsh system. Seasonal variation in nutrients concentrations and their relationship to turnover and source of water were analysed. Significant variation in the N/P ratio was related to water turnover. Confined systems presented lower values for this ratio. Taking into account the nutrient concentrations of the reclaimed water, which is rich in nitrogen, it is recommended flooding applied in zones with high water turnover and higher N/P ratios

A flood geodatabase and its climatological applications: the case of Catalonia for the last century

Floods are the natural hazards that produce the highest number of casualties and material damage in the Western Mediterranean. An improvement in flood risk assessment and study of a possible increase in flooding occurrence are therefore needed. To carry out these tasks it is important to have at our disposal extensive knowledge on historical floods and to find an efficient way to manage this geographical data. In this paper we present a complete flood database spanning the 20th century for the whole of Catalonia (NE Spain), which includes documentary information (affected areas and damage) and instrumental information (meteorological and hydrological records). This geodatabase, named Inungama, has been implemented on a GIS (Geographical Information System) in order to display all the information within a given geographical scenario, as well as to carry out an analysis thereof using queries, overlays and calculus. Following a description of the type and amount of information stored in the database and the structure of the information system, the first applications of Inungama are presented. The geographical distribution of floods shows the localities which are more likely to be flooded, confirming that the most affected municipalities are the most densely populated ones in coastal areas. Regarding the existence of an increase in flooding occurrence, a temporal analysis has been carried out, showing a steady increase over the last 30 years.

Estudio palinologico del Plioceno de San Onofre (Tarragona)

Se realiza el estudio palinológico de 29 letras de edad pliocénica, procedentes de San Onofre (Tortosa, Tarragona), identificándose 88 formas. La parte más inferior de la columna estratigráfica ha resultado la más abundante, observándose un empobrecimiento de la microflora hacia la parte más superior de la misma. Destacan las formas arbóreas sobre las no arbóreas, representando en algunas muestras (20,21) el 100% de la vegetación. Algunos aspectos a destacar son: Pinus tipo diploxylon sobresale siempre sobre Pinus tipo haploxylon. Las Taxodiaceae (Taxodium y Sciadopirys), no sobrepasan el 6% del total. Ausencia total de Artemisia para todos los niveles. La sección, en base a los foraminíferos, se ha atribuido a la zona de Globorotalia crassaformis

Archaoegastropoda del Plioceno del Empordà (Girona). Descriptiva y Sistemática

En el presente trabajo se describen y figuran siete especies diferentes de Archaeogastropoda (Gastropoda) procedentes de los yacimientos del Empordà, Girona (España).

Estudio tafonómico del yacimiento de Ventalló (Gerona)

En el presente trabajo se estudian aspectos tafonmicos -tanto biostratinmicos como fosildiagenticos- del yacimiento Pliocnico de Ventall (Gerona, Espaa). Se llega a la conclusin 'de que existe una preservacin diferencial de los Foraminferos y Pectnidos frente a las Moluscos en general debido a diferencias microestructurales ; la Tafocenosis se form en m m& sedimentario prximo a la costa y d4- bilmente oxidante.

Revisión y nuevas aportaciones a la fauna del yacimiento pliocénico de Vilacolum, Girona

En la presente nota se señala por vez primera la presencia de dos gasterópodos en el yacimiento pliocénico de Vilacolum (Girona), Bittium (S.S.) reticulatum DA COSTA y Scala (Hirtoscala) muricata RISSO, este último citado por vez primera en el Negeno espaol. Se acompaña de un catálogo actualizado de toda la fauna estudiada hasta el presente en dicho yacimiento ampliándose con especies hasta ahora no citadas de Crustceos y Equínidos halladas por nosotros