Intestinal content detection in capsule endoscopy using robust features

This work covers two aspects. First, it generally compares and summarizes the similarities and differences of state of the art feature detector and descriptor and second it presents a novel approach of detecting intestinal content (in particular bubbles) in capsule endoscopy images. Feature detectors and descriptors providing invariance to change of perspective, scale, signal-noise-ratio and lighting conditions are important and interesting topics in current research and the number of possible applications seems to be numberless. After analysing a selection of in the literature presented approaches, this work investigates in their suitability for applications information extraction in capsule endoscopy images. Eventually, a very good performing detector of intestinal content in capsule endoscopy images is presented. A accurate detection of intestinal content is crucial for all kinds of machine learning approaches and other analysis on capsule endoscopy studies because they occlude the field of view of the capsule camera and therefore those frames need to be excluded from analysis. As a so called “byproduct” of this investigation a graphical user interface supported Feature Analysis Tool is presented to execute and compare the discussed feature detectors and descriptor on arbitrary images, with configurable parameters and visualized their output. As well the presented bubble classifier is part of this tool and if a ground truth is available (or can also be generated using this tool) a detailed visualization of the validation result will be performed.

Implication of Nerve Growth Factor in intestinal mucosal mast cell activity and colonic motor alterations in a model of ovalbumin-induced gut dysfunction in rats

We determined NGF involvement in MMCs and colonic motor alterations in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced gut dysfunction model in rats. Animals received OVA (6 weeks), with/without simultaneous K252a (TrkA antagonist) treatment. MMCs, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) levels and colonic contractility in vitro were assessed. OVA increased MMC density and RMCPII concentration. Spontaneous contractility was similar in both groups and inhibited by K252a. Carbachol responses were increased by OVA in a K252a-independent manner. NO-synthase inhibition increased spontaneous activity in OVA-treated animals in a K252a-dependent manner. These observations support an involvement of NGF in the functional changes observed in this model.

Impacto de la fatiga en la percepción de salud en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

La salud de los pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) está afectada por la fatiga, que condiciona una baja calidad de vida. Este estudio administró cuestionarios de calidad de vida y fatiga a 110 pacientes con EII, cuantificando fatiga y correlacionándola con la actividad, se determinó la afectación de la calidad de vida. Los resultados mostraron relación inversa entre fatiga y actividad de EII, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas según brote o remisión de la enfermedad. Las correlaciones entre actividad y fatiga con calidad de vida, fueron negativas. En conclusión, a mayor actividad, mayor fatiga que conlleva peor calidad de vida.

Estudi de l’efecte del tractament amb Adalimumab sobre la microbiota associada a la mucosa intestinal en pacients amb malaltia de Crohn.

La malaltia de Crohn és una malaltia inflamatòria intestinal en la qual s´ha observat que la densitat i la diversitat bacteriana difereixen dels subjectes sans. En els últims anys s’estan emprant tractaments biològics com els anti-TNFα (Adalimumab) de manera alternativa a tractaments ja existents. Els resultats obtinguts després de l’anàlisi de la composició bacteriana de la mucosa intestinal de pacients amb Malaltia de Crohn tractats amb Adalimumab, són esperançadors ja que apunten a una recuperació del patró normal a través de la recuperació d’espècies pròpies de persones sanes i la desaparició d’aquelles més prevalents en malalts de Crohn.

Tractament preoperatori de l’oclusió intestinal amb pròtesis de còlon en malalts amb càncer de còlon no metastàsic

S’evalua la supervivència lliure de progressió i la supervivència global dels pacients amb càncer de còlon que han debutat amb oclusió intestinal i com a primer tractament s’ha col.locat una pròtesis metàl.lica autoexpandible al còlon prèviament a la cirurgia del tumor primari. És un estudi retrospectiu i unicèntric on s’inclouen 45 pacients. Els resultats de l’estudi demostren que el fet de col.locar una pròtesis en la fase aguda de l’oclusió no empitjora el pronòstic a llarg termini d’aquests pacients.

Análisis de la alteración de la permeabilidad intestinal en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda o crónica reagudizada.

Análisis de la alteración de la permeabilidad intestinal (P.I.) en pacientes críticos afectos de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda o crónica descompensada empleando la prueba de lactulosa/manitol administrada por vía enteral con recogida de la diuresis siguiente para calcular su ratio. Conclusiones: Existe una alteración funcional aunque no se ha podido relacionar con la gravedad del paciente, una relación entre la alteración y la hipoperfusión sistémica, una asociación entre la mejora de la función intestinal y la supervivencia y una relación entre la elevación de procalcitonina y la alteración de la permeabilidad que explicaría la traslocación bacteriana como fuente de los signos de infección que suelen presentar.

Anemia en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: Prevalencia y factores que influyen.

La anemia es una complicación muy importante de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII). Actualmente desconocemos la prevalencia de anemia en los pacientes afectos por dicha enfermedad. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo de revisión del historial clínico de pacientes con EII registrados en la Unidad de Atención Crohn-Colitis, con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de anemia en nuestro medio y analizar los factores que influyen en la aparición de la misma. La prevalencia de anemia en la EII en el año 2007 fue del 26,3%. El factor más importante para desarrollarla fue la presencia de actividad clínica.

Conocimiento de la fisiopatología de la Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal a partir del estudio de su incidencia (Departamento de Salud 6 de Valencia).

La Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal (Enfermedad de Crohn,EC; Colitis Ulcerosa,CU; Colitis inclasificable, CI) ha sufrido variaciones de incidencia, su estudio permite conocer los factores fisiopatológicos implicados y tratamientos específicos. Se ha realizado un estudio observacional retrospectivo de los casos diagnosticados de EII en el Departamento de Salud 6 de Valencia relacionando resultados con los obtenidos en España y otros países. La incidencia estandarizada a la población europea, ajustada a sexo y edad fue: 3.89(EC),6.635(CU) y de 2.845(CI). La incidencia de CU fue más elevada que la de EC, excepto en los más jóvenes, superior para CU y CI en hombres.

Influència del tabac en la resposta a azatioprina en malaltia inflamatòria intestinal corticodepenent

Disposem d’evidència sobre la influència negativa del tabac en la malaltia de Crohn i el seu efecte positiu en la Colitis ulcerosa. Per altra banda, no s’ha avaluat una potencial interacció entre el tabaquisme i la resposta a determinats fàrmacs. En el present treball hem avaluat l’eficàcia de les tiopurines en la malaltia inflamatòria intestinal corticodepenent, en relació a l’existència d’hàbit tabàquic a l’inici del tractament i la seva influència en el seguiment dels pacients amb resposta inicial al fàrmac, valorant la necessitat de teràpies de rescat o de tractament quirúrgic durant la seva evolució segons l’hàbit tabàquic.

Respuesta motora intestinal a la sobrecarga de quimo

Els pacients amb crisis suboclusives recurrents o amb símptomes digestius que impideixen mantenir el seu pes normal, en absència d´una causa estructural que justifique els símptomes, poden estar afectes d´un trastorn de la motilitat del budell prim. La manometría gastrointestinal es la tècnica d´ elecció per l´ estudi de la motilidad del tracte gastrointestinal i en aquests pacients pot mostrar patrons aberrants que justifiquin els símptomes. No obstant, la manometría gastrointestinal és una tècnica específica però poc sensible. L´objetiu general d´aquest treball es determinar la resposta motora intestinal a una sobrecàrrega de quimo. Per a això s´estudiarà un grup de subjectes sans i es mesurarà l´ activitat motora del budell prim mitjançant manometría durant la infusió contínua de una solució de nutrients solos o espesats amb un compost no absobible.

Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction and ophthalmoplegia in a patient with mitochondrial myopathy

A 38 year old woman having chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction associated with mitochondrial myopathy is reported. The clinical and radiographic features suggested the diagnosis of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Muscular atrophy and ophthalmoplegia led to muscle biopsy, which disclosed accumulation of normal and abnormal mitochondria ('ragged red fibres'), characteristic of mitochondrial myopathy.

Intestinal and hepatic nitrogen balance in the rat after the administration of an oral protein load

The fate of a small oral dose of protein given to overnight-starved rats was studied. After 3 h, 62 per cent of the protein amino acids had been absorbed. Most of the absorbed N went into the bloodstream through the portal in the form of amino acids, but urea and ammonia were also present. About one-quarter of all absorbed N was carried as lymph amino acids. The liver was able to take all portal free ammonia and a large proportion of portal amino acids, releasing urea. The hepatic N balance was negative, indicating active proteolysis and net loss of liver protein.

Heavy metal accumulation by intestinal helminths of vertebrates

The relevancy of parasites as potential indicators of environmental quality has been increasing over the last years, mostly due to the variety of ways in which they respond to anthropogenic pollution. The use of fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems has been widely studied. However, little information concerning terrestrial habitats is presently available. In fact, in the last two decades several studies have been performed worldwide in different habitats and/or conditions (theoretically both in polluted and unpolluted terrestrialecosystems, but mainly in aquatic ecosystems) in order to investigate heavy metal pollution using parasitological models. Different groups of vertebrates (mainly fish, mammals and birds) and several parasitological models have been tested involving acanthocephalans mostly, but also cestodes and nematodes. It is not the aim of this chapter to do a complete revision of the availabledata concerning this subject. Instead, we emphasize some general aspects and compile a mini-review of the work performed in this field by our research group. The results obtained until now allow confirming several parasitic models as promising bioindicator systems to evaluate environmental cadmium and mainly lead pollution in terrestrial non-urban habitats, as it was already demonstrated for aquatic ecosystems. The present knowledge also allows confirming that parasites can reveal environmental impact. Environmental parasitology is an interdisciplinary field, which needs simultaneous expertise from toxicology, environmental chemistry and parasitology. Furthermore, environmental parasitology should be taken into account in order to increase the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs.

Heavy metal accumulation by intestinal helminths of vertebrates

The relevancy of parasites as potential indicators of environmental quality has been increasing over the last years, mostly due to the variety of ways in which they respond to anthropogenic pollution. The use of fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems has been widely studied. However, little information concerning terrestrial habitats is presently available. In fact, in the last two decades several studies have been performed worldwide in different habitats and/or conditions (theoretically both in polluted and unpolluted terrestrialecosystems, but mainly in aquatic ecosystems) in order to investigate heavy metal pollution using parasitological models. Different groups of vertebrates (mainly fish, mammals and birds) and several parasitological models have been tested involving acanthocephalans mostly, but also cestodes and nematodes. It is not the aim of this chapter to do a complete revision of the availabledata concerning this subject. Instead, we emphasize some general aspects and compile a mini-review of the work performed in this field by our research group. The results obtained until now allow confirming several parasitic models as promising bioindicator systems to evaluate environmental cadmium and mainly lead pollution in terrestrial non-urban habitats, as it was already demonstrated for aquatic ecosystems. The present knowledge also allows confirming that parasites can reveal environmental impact. Environmental parasitology is an interdisciplinary field, which needs simultaneous expertise from toxicology, environmental chemistry and parasitology. Furthermore, environmental parasitology should be taken into account in order to increase the efficiency of environmental monitoring programs.

Cocoa flavonoid-enriched diet modulates systemic and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis in adult Lewis rats

Previous studies have reported that a diet containing 10% cocoa, a rich source of flavonoids, has immunomodulatory effects on rats and, among others effects, is able to attenuate the immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in both systemic and intestinal compartments. The purpose of the present study was focused on investigating whether these effects were attributed exclusively to the flavonoid content or to other compounds present in cocoa. To this end, eight-week-old Lewis rats were fed, for two weeks, either a standard diet or three isoenergetic diets containing increasing proportions of cocoa flavonoids from different sources: one with 0.2% polyphenols from conventional defatted cocoa, and two others with 0.4% and 0.8% polyphenols, respectively, from non-fermented cocoa. Diet intake and body weight were monitored and fecal samples were obtained throughout the study to determine fecal pH, IgA, bacteria proportions, and IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum samples collected during the study were quantified. At the end of the dietary intervention no clear changes of serum IgG or IgM concentrations were quantified, showing few effects of cocoa polyphenol diets at the systemic level. However, in the intestine, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets attenuated the age-related increase of both fecal IgA and IgA-coated bacteria, as well as the proportion of bacteria in feces. As these effects were not dependent on the dose of polyphenol present in the diets, other compounds and/or the precise polyphenol composition present in cocoa raw material used for the diets could be key factors in this effect.