Semantic domain and grammatical class effects in the picture-word interference paradigm

The role of grammatical class in lexical access and representation is still not well understood. Grammatical effects obtained in picture-word interference experiments have been argued to show the operation of grammatical constraints during lexicalization when syntactic integration is required by the task. Alternative views hold that the ostensibly grammatical effects actually derive from the coincidence of semantic and grammatical differences between lexical candidates. We present three picture-word interference experiments conducted in Spanish. In the first two, the semantic relatedness (related or unrelated) and the grammatical class (nouns or verbs) of the target and the distracter were manipulated in an infinitive form action naming task in order to disentangle their contributions to verb lexical access. In the third experiment, a possible confound between grammatical class and semantic domain (objects or actions) was eliminated by using action-nouns as distracters. A condition in which participants were asked to name the action pictures using an inflected form of the verb was also included to explore whether the need of syntactic integration modulated the appearance of grammatical effects. Whereas action-words (nouns or verbs), but not object-nouns, produced longer reaction times irrespective of their grammatical class in the infinitive condition, only verbs slowed latencies in the inflected form condition. Our results suggest that speech production relies on the exclusion of candidate responses that do not fulfil task-pertinent criteria like membership in the appropriate semantic domain or grammatical class. Taken together, these findings are explained by a response-exclusion account of speech output. This and alternative hypotheses are discussed.

A Case-based reasoning approach to validate grammatical gender and number agreement in Spanish language

Across Latin America 420 indigenous languages are spoken. Spanish is considered a second language in indigenous communities and is progressively introduced in education. However, most of the tools to support teaching processes of a second language have been developed for the most common languages such as English, French, German, Italian, etc. As a result, only a small amount of learning objects and authoring tools have been developed for indigenous people considering the specific needs of their population. This paper introduces Multilingual–Tiny as a web authoring tool to support the virtual experience of indigenous students and teachers when they are creating learning objects in indigenous languages or in Spanish language, in particular, when they have to deal with the grammatical structures of Spanish. Multilingual–Tiny has a module based on the Case-based Reasoning technique to provide recommendations in real time when teachers and students write texts in Spanish. An experiment was performed in order to compare some local similarity functions to retrieve cases from the case library taking into account the grammatical structures. As a result we found the similarity function with the best performance

The usefulness of phonological information for the acquisition of grammatical structure in child language development

During the process of language development, one of the most important tasks that children must face is that of identifying the grammatical category to which words in their language belong. This is essential in order to be able to form grammatically correct utterances. How do children proceed in order to classify words in their language and assign them to their corresponding grammatical category? The present study investigates the usefulness of phonological information for the categorization of nouns in English, given the fact that it is phonology the first source of information that might be available to prelinguistic infants who lack access to semantic information or complex morphosyntactic information. We analyse four different corpora containing linguistic samples of English speaking mothers addressing their children in order to explore the reliability with which words are represented in mothers’ speech based on several phonological criteria. The results of the analysis confirm the prediction that most of the words to which English learning infants are exposed during the first two years of life can be accounted for in terms of their phonological resemblance

Colocaciones léxicas en dicconarios monolingües generales del español

El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el tratamiento que algunos de los diccionarios generales monolingües del español aparecidos en los últimos diez años han dado al fenómeno de las colocaciones léxicas, a saber, aquellas combinaciones de palabras que, desde el punto de vista de la norma, presentan ciertas restricciones combinatorias, esencialmente de carácter semántico, impuestas por el uso (Corpas: 1996). Los repertorios objeto de análisis han sido: el "Diccionario Salamanca de la lengua española", dirigido por Juan Gutiérrez (1996); el "Diccionario del español actual", de Manuel Seco, Olimpia Andrés y Gabino Ramos (1999); la vigésima segunda edición del diccionario de la RAE (2001); y el "Gran diccionario de uso del español actual. Basado en el corpus Cumbre", dirigido por Aquilino Sánchez (2001). Nuestro estudio se ha fundamentado en un corpus de 52 colocaciones léxicas confeccionado a partir del análisis de las subentradas contenidas en la letra "b" de cada uno de los diccionarios seleccionados. Posteriormente, hemos examinado las entradas correspondientes a cada uno de los elementos que constituyen la colocación (base y colocativo) con el fin de observar si los diccionarios estudiados dan cuenta de estas mismas combinaciones en otras partes del artículo lexicográfico, como son las definiciones o los ejemplos. A la hora de analizar la información lexicográfica hemos centrado nuestra atención en cuatro aspectos: a) la información contenida en las páginas preliminares de cada una de las obras; b) la ubicación de las colocaciones en el artículo lexicográfico; c) la asignación de la colocación a un artículo determinado; y d) la marcación gramatical.

GREC CLÀSSIC : curs d'autoaprenentatge introductori

GREC CLÀSSIC. Curs d’autoaprenentatge introductori. Dos anys. El curs consta de tretze lliçons i d’una gramàtica estructurada en quatre blocs: 1. Alfabet i diacrítics, fenòmens fonètics. 2. Morfologia nominal. 3. Morfologia verbal. 4. Infinitius i participis. Sintaxi de les oracions. L’estructura de les lliçons, excepte la primera que inclou l’alfabet, combina qüestions de morfologia nominal i verbal o de morfologia i sintaxi, tal com acostumen a fer els mètodes d’aprenentatge de les llengües modernes. Cada lliçó formula els seus objectius específics, desenvolupa la seva part de continguts i conclou amb uns exercicis pràctics d’autocorrecció. La Gramàtica, per la seva banda, està organitzada com un manual elemental de llengua grega on la persona que segueixi el curs pot ampliar la seva formació i consultar els dubtes. Parts complementàries: presentació on es formulen els objectius, la metodologia i les instruccions concretes per a seguir el curs; terminologia on s’ordenen alfabèticament els conceptes gramaticals emprats en el curs; avaluació final per tal que, més enllà dels exercicis de cada lliçó, hom pugui comprovar si ha assolit els coneixements previstos o si, en cas de no arribar-hi, ha de reforçar algunes lliçons o parts de les mateixes abans de tornar a fer l’avaluació; lèxic, ordenat alfabèticament per tal que hom pugui conèixer el significat dels mots emprats en el curs sense necessitat de consultar un diccionari. A la part d’avaluació hi ha també una enquesta per tal que les persones que segueixin el curs en facin una valoració i ens permetin corregir els seus dèficits o mancances. El projecte 2007MQD00178 ha continuat ampliant els dossiers electrònics, els exercicis autoavaluatius del seu web www.ub.edu/filologiagrega/electra i ha dedicat una part important de la seva tasca a elaborar els continguts i els programes de les assignatures dels dos primers cursos del nou grau de Filologia Clàssica.

El registre dels titulars de premsa : els enunciats sense verb

El registre escrit dels mitjans de comunicació presenta unes característiques particulars que el diferencien de la llengua estàndard en alguns aspectes. Amb aquest treball ens centrarem en les característiques específiques dels titulars dels diaris i estudiarem els fenòmens d'el·lipsi verbal, des d'un punt de vista gramatical, en aquest àmbit.

Application of the european customer satisfaction index to postal services. Structural equation models versus partial least squars

Customer satisfaction and retention are key issues for organizations in today’s competitive market place. As such, much research and revenue has been invested in developing accurate ways of assessing consumer satisfaction at both the macro (national) and micro (organizational) level, facilitating comparisons in performance both within and between industries. Since the instigation of the national customer satisfaction indices (CSI), partial least squares (PLS) has been used to estimate the CSI models in preference to structural equation models (SEM) because they do not rely on strict assumptions about the data. However, this choice was based upon some misconceptions about the use of SEM’s and does not take into consideration more recent advances in SEM, including estimation methods that are robust to non-normality and missing data. In this paper, both SEM and PLS approaches were compared by evaluating perceptions of the Isle of Man Post Office Products and Customer service using a CSI format. The new robust SEM procedures were found to be advantageous over PLS. Product quality was found to be the only driver of customer satisfaction, while image and satisfaction were the only predictors of loyalty, thus arguing for the specificity of postal services

An LFG approach to the syntax of quotation

This paper attempts to give an account of the syntax of quotation from an LFG perspective. I claim that quotes are inserted at N’ positions by making use of a special phrase structure rule that makes the quote’s f-structure the PRED value of the mother f-structure. However, in order to reach to this conclusion, the concept of quotation has to be restricted to only include metalinguistic and direct reported speech quotes, by making use of the property of grammatical opacity, i.e. only subsegments whose ungrammaticality does not affect the grammaticality of the whole sentence are quotes. The main advantage of this is this distinguishes the syntax of direct quotes from the one of other citational but not quotational structures like Davidson’s (1979) and Cappelen and Lepore’s (2007) mixed quotation.

Tying up the loose ends in simple correspondence analysis

Although correspondence analysis is now widely available in statistical software packages and applied in a variety of contexts, notably the social and environmental sciences, there are still some misconceptions about this method as well as unresolved issues which remain controversial to this day. In this paper we hope to settle these matters, namely (i) the way CA measures variance in a two-way table and how to compare variances between tables of different sizes, (ii) the influence, or rather lack of influence, of outliers in the usual CA maps, (iii) the scaling issue and the biplot interpretation of maps,(iv) whether or not to rotate a solution, and (v) statistical significance of results.

Fachkräftemangel in Deutschland - Traducción de un informe del Bundestag sobre la falta de mano de obra cualificada en Alemania

El presente trabajo consiste en la traducción y el análisis de un informe sobre la falta de mano de obra cualificada en Alemania publicado en 2012 por el Bundestag. A partir del texto traducido se analizan varios problemas léxicos y gramaticales de la traducción entre el alemán y el español.

Anàlisi dels coneixements intuïtius i del canvi conceptual en infants de parvulari, sobre els animals que viuen el seu entorn

En aquest projecte es reflexiona sobre l’ensenyament de les ciències al parvulari i com els infants aprenent conceptes relacionats amb el regne animal. La ciència escolar classifica la gran diversitat d’espècies que formen aquest regne en dos grans blocs, els vertebrats i els invertebrats, però en els patrons que ens ofereixen els animals per descobrir a ull nu aquestes particularitats són molt complexes d’observar. La visió que tenen els infants de parvulari sobre els animals del seu entorn sovint és molt allunyada de la realitat i els alumnes es creen concepcions alternatives per entendre els animals que observen. En l’estudi es realitza un recull de dades, a l’inici i el final d’una unitat didàctica, analitzant les representacions i les diferents formes de classificació dels animals de l’entorn que utilitzen els infants. Les conclusions són una reflexió sobre el perquè d’aquests coneixements alternatius i la manera de com aconseguir un canvi conceptual.

«M'encantaria poder venir a l'estadi a jugar contra el meu equip»: dixi de persona, footing i identitat, una entrevista a Pep Guardiola

Aquest article té dos objectius bàsics. En primer lloc, mostrar la capacitat analítica d'un estudi de cas a l'hora d'estudiar l'expressió de la identitat i dels rols assumits pels participants en la comunicació, posant-la en relació amb els marcs participatius d'Erwing Goffman (1981), d'una banda, i amb la dixi de persona i les seves manifestacions gramaticals (Levinson 1983; Nogué 2008), de l'altra. I en segon lloc, mostrar com l'estructura gramatical pot proporcionar indicadors lingüístics que donen informació sobre la identitat i els rols assumits, posant l'èmfasi en una circumstància concreta: la manera com es reflecteix lingüísticament la col¿lisió entre dos o més rols. Paraules clau: dixi de persona, identitat, rol participatiu, marc participatiu. This article has two main purposes. In the first place, to show how a case study can provide interesting information about the expression of identity and of the different roles assumed by the communication participants. On the one hand, this information is related to the participation frameworks proposed by Erwing Goffman (1981); on the other hand, to person deixis and its grammatical manifestations (Levinson 1983; Nogué 2008). And in the second place, to show how grammatical structure can provide linguistic cues about identity and roles, putting the emphasis on a specific circumstance: the linguistic signs of the collision between two or more of these roles. Key words: person deixis, identity, participation role, participation framework.

Brain dynamics sustaining rapid rule extraction from speech

Language acquisition is a complex process that requires the synergic involvement of different cognitive functions, which include extracting and storing the words of the language and their embedded rules for progressive acquisition of grammatical information. As has been shown in other fields that study learning processes, synchronization mechanisms between neuronal assemblies might have a key role during language learning. In particular, studying these dynamics may help uncover whether different oscillatory patterns sustain more item-based learning of words and rule-based learning from speech input. Therefore, we tracked the modulation of oscillatory neural activity during the initial exposure to an artificial language, which contained embedded rules. We analyzed both spectral power variations, as a measure of local neuronal ensemble synchronization, as well as phase coherence patterns, as an index of the long-range coordination of these local groups of neurons. Synchronized activity in the gamma band (2040 Hz), previously reported to be related to the engagement of selective attention, showed a clear dissociation of local power and phase coherence between distant regions. In this frequency range, local synchrony characterized the subjects who were focused on word identification and was accompanied by increased coherence in the theta band (48 Hz). Only those subjects who were able to learn the embedded rules showed increased gamma band phase coherence between frontal, temporal, and parietal regions.

Aprendizaje léxico y desarrollo de la gramática: vocabulario verbal, aceleración morfológica y complejidad sintáctica

This paper studies the initial development of certain language components. More precisely, we analyse the relation between three aspects that are closely involved in the grammar of the verb: morphological productivity, syntactic complexity, and verb vocabulary learning. The study is based on data about the relationship between lexical development and grammatical development, and also on proposals that a critical mass of vocabulary is needed in order to develop a grammatical component. The sample comprised six subjects who are monolingual or bilingual in Catalan andlor Spanish. Results show a morphological spurt some time afer the learning of a certain quantity of verbs. Moreover, syntactic complexity is only evident some months after this morphological spurt

La relación entre el aprendizaje léxico y el desarrollo gramatical

El presente trabajo se centra en estudiar la relación que existe entre el desarrollo de léxico y el de la morfosintaxis. Concretamente pretendemos explorar el tipo de vocabulario que mejor predice el desarrollo de la morfología verbal y el de la complejidad gramatical, así como establecer el tipo de relación entre desarrollo léxico y desarrollo morfosintáctico. La muestra comprende 517 niños de edades comprendidas entre los 18 meses y los 30 meses. Los datos se han recogido a partir de la adaptación al catalán del instrumento MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI). Los resultados muestran que el mejor predictor del desarrollo morfológico y gramatical es el vocabulario de clase cerrada, conjuntamente con el vocabulario general. Por otra parte, se observa una relación predominantemente lineal entre el desarrollo del léxico y el desarrollo morfosintáctico