Die Linke. L’émergence du nouveau parti de la gauche antilibérale allemande: une menace pour le SPD, un défi pour la gouvernabilité de la République fédérale

En réussissant à s’ancrer dans les Länder d’Allemagne occidentale, et en devenant de ce fait une formation politique “relevant” à l’échelle de l’ensemble de la République fédérale –et non de sa seule partie orientale–, le parti de la gauche antilibérale Die Linke (La Gauche) a mis fin au système quadripartite qui avait perduré outre-Rhin malgré la présence du Parti du socialisme démocratique au Bundestag depuis 1990. Interrogeant les succès électoraux de Die Linke, qui tiennent non seulement à des facteurs endogènes propres à l’Allemagne (plus grande sensibilité aux inégalités sociales depuis la réunification, désaffection touchant un SPD “désidéologisé” mis en difficulté par les réformes de l’Agenda 2010), mais aussi à des facteurs exogènes dont les effets se font sentir dans de nombreux autres pays européens (paupérisation des classes moyennes et inférieures, réaction anti-libérale à l’encontre des politiques de dérégulation prônées par l’Union Européenne, etc.), le présent article tente de cerner la menace électorale que ce nouvel acteur politique fait peser sur le SPD, ainsi que les réponses que ce dernier y apporte. Il montre également que la percée de Die Linke entraînera à court terme une redéfinition des jeux d’alliances partisanes affectant la constitution et la stabilité des exécutifs gouvernementaux aussi bien régionaux que fédéraux, et augmentant corollairement les risques de “cohabitation à l’allemande”.

Grain yield, carbon isotope discrimination and mineral content in mature kernels of barley under irrigated and rainfed conditions

The relationship between yield, carbon isotope discrimination and ash content in mature kernels was examined for a set of 13 barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars. Plants were grown under rainfed and well-irrigated conditions in a Mediterranean area. Water deficit caused a decrease in both grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). The yield was positively related to Δ and negatively related to ash content, across genotypes within each treatment. However, whereas the correlation between yield and Δ was higher for the set of genotypes under well-irrigated (r=0.70, P<0.01) than under rainfed (r=0.42) conditions, the opposite occurred when yield and ash content were related, ie r=-0.38 under well-irrigated and r=-0.73, (P<0.01) under rainfed conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination and ash content together account for almost 60% of the variation in yield, in both conditions. There was no significant relationship (r=-0.15) between carbon isotope discrimination and ash content in well-irrigated plants, whereas in rainfed plants, this relationship, although significant (r=-0.54, P< 0.05), was weakly negative. The concentration of several mineral elements was measured in the same kernels. The mineral that correlated best with ash content, yield and A, was K. For yield and Δ, although the relationship with K followed the same pattern as the relationhip with ash content, the correlation coefficients were lower. Thus, mineral accumulation in mature kernels seems to be independent of transpiration efficiency. In fact, filling of grains takes place through the phloem pathway. The ash content in kernels is proposed as a complementary criterion, in addition to kernel Δ, to assess genotype differences in barley grain yield under rainfed conditions.

Empirical models for predicting the production of wild mushrooms in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in the Central Pyrenees

Mushroom picking has become a widespread autumn recreational activity in the Central Pyrenees and other regions of Spain. Predictive models that relate mushroom production or fungal species richness with forest stand and site characteristics are not available. This study used mushroom production data from 24 Scots pine plots over 3 years to develop a predictive model that could facilitate forest management decisions when comparing silvicultural options in terms of mushroom production. Mixed modelling was used to model the dependence of mushroom production on stand and site factors. The results showed that productions were greatest when stand basal area was approximately 20 m2 ha-1. Increasing elevation and northern aspect increased total mushroom production as well as the production of edible and marketed mushrooms. Increasing slope decreased productions. Marketed Lactarius spp., the most important group collected in the region, showed similar relationships. The annual variation in mushroom production correlated with autumn rainfall. Mushroom species richness was highest when the total production was highest.