TaxControl : Gestió de despeses i impostos

Aquest treball de fi de carrera, corresponent a l'Enginyera Tècnica en Informàtica de Gestió, consisteix en el desenvolupament d'una aplicació per a dispositius mòbils amb sistema operatiu iOS (iPhone OS) i en la seva versió 7.0 o posterior. L'aplicació té com a objectiu proveir una eina que permeti el registre i posterior gestió de les despeses derivades de l'activitat professional d'un autònom, de forma que es faciliti la presentació de la documentació necessària per realitzar la declaració trimestral d'impostos d'IRPF i IVA.

Optimal enforcement policy and firms' emissions and compliance with environmental taxes

In a market where firms with different characteristics decide upon both the level of emissions and their reports, we study the optimal audit policy for an enforcement agency whose objective is to minimize the level of emissions. We show that it is optimal to devote the resources primarily to the easiest-to-monitor firms and to those firms that value pollution the less. Moreover, unless the budget for monitoring is very large, there are always firms that do not comply with the environmental objective and others that do comply; but all of them evade the environmental taxes.

Implementing a double dividend: recycling ecotaxes towards lower labour taxes

In this paper we follow the tradition of applied general equilibrium modelling of the Walrasian static variety to study the empirical viability of a double dividend (green, welfare, and employment) in the Spanish economy. We consider a counterfactual scenario in which an ecotax is levied on the intermediate and final use of energy goods. Under a revenue neutral assumption, we evaluate the real income and employment impact of lowering payroll taxes. To appraise to what extent the model structure and behavioural assumptions may influence the results, we perform simulations under a range of alternative model and policy scenarios. We conclude that a double dividend –better environmental quality, as measured by reduced CO2 emissions, and improved levels of employment– may be an achievable goal of economic policy.

Redistributive taxation with endogenous sentiments

We present a model in which an individual's sentiments towards others are determined endogenously on the basis of how they perform relative to the societal average. This, in turn, affects the individual's own behavior and hence other agents' sentiments toward her. We focus on stationary patterns of utility interdependence. To demonstrate the effects of such endogeneity, we consider an example of a production economy with redistributive taxation. There are two types of stationary equilibria: one in which all agents conform to the societal norm, into two or three groups. The main conclusion is that the tax structure, in that it affects behavior which in turn affects sentiments, plays a crucial role in determining which type of equilibrium occurs and its characteristics as well as the extent of altruism and social cohesion in society.

On the relation between tax rates and evasion in a multi-period economy

We extend the basic tax evasion model to a multi-period economy exhibiting sustained growth. When individuals conceal part of their true income from the tax authority, they face the risk of being audited and hence of paying the corresponding fine. Both taxes and fines determine individual saving and the rate of capital accumulation. In this context we show that the sign of the relation between the level of the tax rate and the amount of evaded income is the same as that obtained in static setups. Moreover, high tax rates on income are typically associated with low growth rates as occurs in standard growth models that disregard the tax evasion phenomenon.

Income taxation with habit formation and consumption externalities

We analyze the dynamic behavior and the welfare properties of the equilibrium path of a growth model where both habits and consumption externalities affect the utility of consumers. We discuss the effects of flat rate income taxes and characterize the optimal income taxation policy. We show that, when consumption externalities and habit adjusted consumption are not perfect substitutes, a counter-cyclical income tax rate allows the competitive equilibrium to replicate the efficient path. Our analysis highlights the crucial role played by complementarities between externalities and habits in order to generate an inefficient dynamic equilibrium.

Settlement in tax evasion prosecution

It is often argued that even if optimal ex-post, settlement dilutes deterrence ex-ante. We analyze the interest for the tax authority of committing, ex-ante, to a settlement strategy. We show that to commit to the use of settlements is ex-ante optimal when the tax authority receives signals that provide statistical information about the taxpayers' true tax liability. The more informative the signal, the larger the additional expected evenue raised by the tax authority when using settlement as a policy tool.

Los principales elementos del nuevo IRPF: una valoración a partir de ESPASIM

El Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas (IRPF) es uno de los instrumentos claves del sistema tributario español. En este trabajo se estudia el impacto de los principales elementos del Nuevo IRPF, a partir de ESPASIM, el primer modelo integrado de microsimulación de impuestos y subsidios (tax-benefit) para España, que emplea micro datos procedentes de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF) representativos de la población española. Tomando como sistema de base el impuesto sobre la renta anterior (IRPF 1998), se analiza cómo la introducción de la nueva figura impositiva afecta la tributación en términos de recaudación, número de contribuyentes y de declarantes, los tipos marginales efectivos de imposición y impacto distributivo, tanto para el conjunto de la población como por grupos de hogares. Las estimaciones que se presentan muestran que el Nuevo impuesto conlleva una reducción sustancial de la presión fiscal media por IRPF que va acompañada de una reducción del tipo marginal efectivo medio de 2,12 puntos de porcentaje. El importante coste que en términos recaudatorios suponen la introducción del mínimo vital personal y familiar, las nuevas escala de gravamen y deducción por rendimientos del trabajo por cuenta ajena, no contribuyen a reducir la desigualdad relativa, beneficiando sobretodo a la población situada en los tramos medios y altos de la escala de renta. La reforma no beneficia tampoco ni a los hogares con cargas familiares ni a los perceptores de rendimientos por cuenta ajena, que experimentan (ambos colectivos) una reducción impositiva muy similar a la del conjunto de la población. Igualmente, son los grupos relativamente más pobres -personas solas y hogares monoparentales- los que menos ganan con la reforma. La reducción del número de declarantes (en 2,1 millones) asociada al nuevo impuesto, va acompañada de más complejidad legislativa y de una pérdida de generalidad de este instrumento impositivo.

Petrol consumption and redistributive effects of its taxation in Spain

The objective of this paper is to estimate a petrol consumption function for Spain and to evaluate the redistributive effects of petrol taxation. We use micro data from the Spanish Household Budget Survey of 1990/91 and model petrol consumption taking into account the effect that income changes may have on car ownership levels, as well as the differences that exist between expenditure and consumption. Our results show the importance that household structure, place of residence and income have on petrol consumption. We are able to compute income elasticities of petrol expenditure, both conditional and unconditional on the level of car ownership. Non-conditional elasticities, while always very close to unit values, are lower for higher income households and for those living in rural areas or small cities. When car ownership levels are taken into account, conditional elasticities are obtained that are around one half the value of the non- conditional ones, being fairly stable across income categories and city sizes. As regards the redistributive effects of petrol taxation, we observe that for the lowest income deciles the share of petrol expenditure increases with income, and thus the tax can be regarded as progressive. However, after a certain income level the tax proves to be regressive.

Análisis de los efectos redistributivos del IVA español en la última década

El Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido se ha convertido en el año 2000 en el tributo de mayor poder recaudatorio en la economía española. Esto pone de manifiesto la progresiva tendencia de sustitución de la imposición directa por los impuesto indirectos. Este trabajo pretende evaluar las consecuencias redistributivas de la actual legislación del IVA. Para la consecución de tal empresa, se ha utilizado la Encuesta Básica de Presupuesto Familiares 90-91, y se ha elaborado una nueva propuesta de clasificación de categorías de gasto, que contribuyen positivamente a una mejora en la homogeneización de los grupos e identificación de los tipos. Dicho tributo ha sufrido innumerables reformas fiscales en la década de los noventa, basada en cambios sustanciales en los tipos impostivos. En este sentido, se pretende enjuiciar la adecuación de dichas modificaciones a la contribución de los objetivos de equidad, y sus. Por tanto, se analiza el impacto diferencial en el tiempo de las tres reformas más relevantes en los últimos años mediante las técnicas de microsimulación. Dicha simulación se lleva a cabo bajo la asunción de dos hipótesis posibles de las decisiones de consumo: ausencia y presencia de comportamiento.

Impacto redistributivo desagregado del IVA actual en España: posibles vías de reforma

The VAT is the most revenue tax in the Spanish economy in the year 2000. The aim of this research is to develop an analysis dissintegrated of the distributional effect of the current VAT in Spain, that is to say, this paper assesses the capacity of redistribution of the tax treatment of each expenditure category. It proposes different approaches for the analysis of the redistributive impact differential of each expenditure concept, and it desires to advocate the method of total decomposition of isolated contribution to the global distributional effect of the VAT. In this sense, this study shows the possibilities to identify the guidelines for possible fiscal adjustments of the Value Added Tax to contribute positively to the objectives of social justice, and its respective consequences on the population's welfare.

The Proposals for a European tax on CO2 and their implications for intercountry distribution

This paper analyzes the advantages and implications of the implementation of a European tax on carbon dioxide emissions as an own resource of the European Union. In contrast to a harmonized tax, which would only have distributive effects within each member state, a tax collected at European scale would also have important distributive effects among different countries. These effects would also depend on the use of tax revenues. The paper investigates the distributive effects among the member states of three tax models: a pure CO2

Las Propuestas para un impuesto europeo sobre el CO2 y sus potenciales distributivas entre países

En el presente artículo se revisan las propuestas sobre fiscalidad energética y, en concreto, sobre un impuesto europeo que grave las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y las dificultades con que se han encontrado. Se estudian las posibles implicaciones que tendría un impuesto, no ya armonizado, sino recaudado a nivel del conjunto de la Unión Europea. Este tipo de impuesto tendría importantes efectos distributivos no solo a nivel de un país (como un impuesto armonizado) sino también entre diferentes países. El trabajo estudia dichos efectos potenciales según diferentes modelos concretos de implantación (un modelo puro sobre el CO2; un modelo 50%/50% energía-CO2; un modelo puro sobre el CO2 pero gravando también la energía nuclear) y de destino de los fondos recaudados.