SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC: A new approach to mathematical 3D forward simulation modelling for terrigenous and carbonate marine sedimentation

Most sedimentary modelling programs developed in recent years focus on either terrigenous or carbonate marine sedimentation. Nevertheless, only a few programs have attempted to consider mixed terrigenous-carbonate sedimentation, and most of these are two-dimensional, which is a major restriction since geological processes take place in 3D. This paper presents the basic concepts of a new 3D mathematical forward simulation model for clastic sediments, which was developed from SIMSAFADIM, a previous 3D carbonate sedimentation model. The new extended model, SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC, simulates processes of autochthonous marine carbonate production and accumulation, together with clastic transport and sedimentation in three dimensions of both carbonate and terrigenous sediments. Other models and modelling strategies may also provide realistic and efficient tools for prediction of stratigraphic architecture and facies distribution of sedimentary deposits. However, SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC becomes an innovative model that attempts to simulate different sediment types using a process-based approach, therefore being a useful tool for 3D prediction of stratigraphic architecture and facies distribution in sedimentary basins. This model is applied to the neogene Vallès-Penedès half-graben (western Mediterranean, NE Spain) to show the capacity of the program when applied to a realistic geologic situation involving interactions between terrigenous clastics and carbonate sediments.

SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC: A new approach to mathematical 3D forward simulation modelling for terrigenous and carbonate marine sedimentation

Most sedimentary modelling programs developed in recent years focus on either terrigenous or carbonate marine sedimentation. Nevertheless, only a few programs have attempted to consider mixed terrigenous-carbonate sedimentation, and most of these are two-dimensional, which is a major restriction since geological processes take place in 3D. This paper presents the basic concepts of a new 3D mathematical forward simulation model for clastic sediments, which was developed from SIMSAFADIM, a previous 3D carbonate sedimentation model. The new extended model, SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC, simulates processes of autochthonous marine carbonate production and accumulation, together with clastic transport and sedimentation in three dimensions of both carbonate and terrigenous sediments. Other models and modelling strategies may also provide realistic and efficient tools for prediction of stratigraphic architecture and facies distribution of sedimentary deposits. However, SIMSAFADIM-CLASTIC becomes an innovative model that attempts to simulate different sediment types using a process-based approach, therefore being a useful tool for 3D prediction of stratigraphic architecture and facies distribution in sedimentary basins. This model is applied to the neogene Vallès-Penedès half-graben (western Mediterranean, NE Spain) to show the capacity of the program when applied to a realistic geologic situation involving interactions between terrigenous clastics and carbonate sediments.

Sedimentation of pairs of hydrodynamically interacting semiflexible filaments

We describe the effect of hydrodynamic interactions in the sedimentation of a pair of inextensible semiflexible filaments under a uniform constant force at low Reynolds numbers. We have analyzed the different regimes and the morphology of such polymers in simple geometries, which allow us to highlight the peculiarities of the interplay between elastic and hydrodynamic stresses. Cooperative and symmetry breaking effects associated to the geometry of the fibers gives rise to characteristic motion which give them distinct properties from rigid and elastic filaments.

Analysis of resuspension and sedimentation processes of unaltered fish faeces using image analysis

Postprint (published version)

Modelling syntectonic sedimentation: combining a discrete element model of tectonic. Deformation and process-based sedimentary Model in 3D.

This paper presents a new numerical program able to model syntectonic sedimentation. The new model combines a discrete element model of the tectonic deformation of a sedimentary cover and a process-based model of sedimentation in a single framework. The integration of these two methods allows us to include the simulation of both sedimentation and deformation processes in a single and more effective model. The paper describes briefly the antecedents of the program, Simsafadim-Clastic and a discrete element model, in order to introduce the methodology used to merge both programs to create the new code. To illustrate the operation and application of the program, analysis of the evolution of syntectonic geometries in an extensional environment and also associated with thrust fault propagation is undertaken. Using the new code, much more complex and realistic depositional structures can be simulated together with a more complex analysis of the evolution of the deformation within the sedimentary cover, which is seen to be affected by the presence of the new syntectonic sediments.

Model-based diagnosis system: application to constructed wetlands

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Model-based Systems and Qualitative Reasoning Group (Technical University of Munich), from September until December 2005. Constructed wetlands (CWs), or modified natural wetlands, are used all over the world as wastewater treatment systems for small communities because they can provide high treatment efficiency with low energy consumption and low construction, operation and maintenance costs. Their treatment process is very complex because it includes physical, chemical and biological mechanisms like microorganism oxidation, microorganism reduction, filtration, sedimentation and chemical precipitation. Besides, these processes can be influenced by different factors. In order to guarantee the performance of CWs, an operation and maintenance program must be defined for each Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The main objective of this project is to provide a computer support to the definition of the most appropriate operation and maintenance protocols to guarantee the correct performance of CWs. To reach them, the definition of models which represent the knowledge about CW has been proposed: components involved in the sanitation process, relation among these units and processes to remove pollutants. Horizontal Subsurface Flow CWs are chosen as a case study and the filtration process is selected as first modelling-process application. However, the goal is to represent the process knowledge in such a way that it can be reused for other types of WWTP.

Application of compositional data analysis to geochemical data of marine sediments

In an earlier investigation (Burger et al., 2000) five sediment cores near the RodriguesTriple Junction in the Indian Ocean were studied applying classical statistical methods(fuzzy c-means clustering, linear mixing model, principal component analysis) for theextraction of endmembers and evaluating the spatial and temporal variation ofgeochemical signals. Three main factors of sedimentation were expected by the marinegeologists: a volcano-genetic, a hydro-hydrothermal and an ultra-basic factor. Thedisplay of fuzzy membership values and/or factor scores versus depth providedconsistent results for two factors only; the ultra-basic component could not beidentified. The reason for this may be that only traditional statistical methods wereapplied, i.e. the untransformed components were used and the cosine-theta coefficient assimilarity measure.During the last decade considerable progress in compositional data analysis was madeand many case studies were published using new tools for exploratory analysis of thesedata. Therefore it makes sense to check if the application of suitable data transformations,reduction of the D-part simplex to two or three factors and visualinterpretation of the factor scores would lead to a revision of earlier results and toanswers to open questions . In this paper we follow the lines of a paper of R. Tolosana-Delgado et al. (2005) starting with a problem-oriented interpretation of the biplotscattergram, extracting compositional factors, ilr-transformation of the components andvisualization of the factor scores in a spatial context: The compositional factors will beplotted versus depth (time) of the core samples in order to facilitate the identification ofthe expected sources of the sedimentary process.Kew words: compositional data analysis, biplot, deep sea sediments

Datació de Posidonia oceanica mitjançant 210Pb

La Posidonia oceanica és una fanerògama marina endèmica del Mediterrani. Es tracta d’una espècie molt important a les zones costeres, i en les últimes dècades la seva producció s’ha vist reduïda. En aquest estudi s’ha volgut demostrar la viabilitat d’utilitzar l’espècie Posidonia oceanica com a arxiu de contaminants al llarg del temps, alhora que s’han desenvolupat eines per a l’estudi de la dinàmica de les poblacions d’aquesta espècie. Les concentracions de 210Pb observades als rizomes de Posidonia oceanica demostren que la datació d’organismes vius d’aquesta espècie mitjançant tècniques de 210Pb no son viables. D’altre banda, s’ha aconseguit crear una cronologia del seu matte, la qual ens ha permès distingir entre diferents ritmes de sedimentació de la zona. Estudis paral·lels de la quantitat de carboni orgànic i inorgànic del matte han reafirmat els resultats obtinguts de la datació, permetent, al mateix temps, identificar una possible causa de la variació en el ritme de sedimentació de la zona estudiada.

The chemical variability at the surface of Mars: implications for exogenic processes

The chemical composition of sediments and rocks, as well as their distribution at theMartian surface, represent a long term archive of processes, which have formed theplanetary surface. A survey of chemical compositions by means of Compositional DataAnalysis represents a valuable tool to extract direct evidence for weathering processesand allows to quantify weathering and sedimentation rates. clr-biplot techniques areapplied for visualization of chemical relationships across the surface (“chemical maps”).The variability among individual suites of data is further analyzed by means of clr-PCA,in order to extract chemical alteration vectors between fresh rocks and their crusts andfor an assessment of different source reservoirs accessible to soil formation. Bothtechniques are applied to elucidate the influence of remote weathering by combinedanalysis of several soil forming branches. Vector analysis in the Simplex provides theopportunity to study atmosphere surface interactions, including the role andcomposition of volcanic gases

Estabilitat i diagènesis dels fitòlits de silici en els jaciments arqueològics

Estudi realitzat a partir d’una estada al Kimmel Center for Archaeological Research, Israel, entre 2010 i 2012. Els fitòlits són un dels components principals dels sediments arqueològics. Són relativament estables i menys propensos a la degradació biològica que altres restes vegetals, però també poden ser afectats per la diagènesis. Per entendre com la diagènesis afecta als fitòlits hem desenvolupat una aproximació experimental utilitzant solucions alcalines per determinar l’estabilitat individual de fitòlits fòssils i moderns. L’experimentació ha estat completada amb un estudi de camp a Izbet Sartah. Els resultats mostren com la diagènesis canvia la composició dels conjunts de fitòlits, i per tant afecta la interpretació arqueològica. Conseqüentment, hem desenvolupat un mètode per determinar l’estat de preservació dels fitòlits en els jaciments arqueològics. L’experimentació mostra com els fitòlits moderns són més solubles que els fitòlits fòssils. Tant els fitòlits fòssils com els moderns són menys estables si són cremats. No totes les morfologies es preserven igual, indicant així que hi ha unes morfologies més estables que unes altres. Els fitòlits amb decoracions delicades, especialment aquells formats a la inflorescència de gramínies, són més propensos a la dissolució que els de les fulles. L’avaluació de l’estat de preservació dels fitòlits en jaciments arqueològics es pot realitzar utilitzant un conjunt de tècniques com ara: l’Index de Variació de Fitòlits, el mètode de dissolució ràpida, la identificació de morfologies delicades i la utilització del FTIR. Proposem que la diagènesis dels fitòlits depèn directament de la quantitat inicial de fitòlits en els sediments, la velocitat de sedimentació, i la presència o absència de fitòlits i plantes modernes en l’àrea estudiada. Els resultats d’aquesta investigació han estat publicats en dos articles afegits al final de l’informe (Cabanes et al., 2011 i Cabanes et al., in press), presentats en congressos internacionals i utilitzats indirectament en altres investigacions.

Value of clinical factors in selecting postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis for bone densitometry.

Criteria to decide which patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should be examined by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) are currently not available. The rheumatologists from Amsterdam have proposed preliminary criteria based on clinical risk factors (age, disease activity, and functional status). These criteria are preliminary and not widely accepted but might be helpful in practice. The value of the proposal in a group of Spanish postmenopausal women with RA is analysed. METHODS DXA (lumbar spine and femoral neck) was performed in 128 patients recruited from a clinical setting, and the proposed criteria were applied. T and Z scores were established for a Spanish reference population. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the patients was 61.3 (10.7) and mean duration of the postmenopausal period 14.5 (10.1) years. Mean duration of RA was 13.7 (7.7) years. Mean C reactive protein was 22 (21) mg/l; mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate 26 (18) mm/1st h; and mean Health Assessment Questionnaire score 1.25 (0.79). Ninety (70%) patients fulfilled the proposed criteria. Their sensitivity for the diagnosis of osteoporosis (T score ¿¿2.5 SD) was 86% and their specificity, 43%. Positive predictive value was 54% and negative predictive value, 79%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed criteria seem a good screening method for the selection of those patients with RA whose bone mineral density should be assessed as the sensitivity and negative predictive value are acceptable.

Los depósitos aluviales sintectónicos de la Pobla de Segur: alogrupos y su significado tectonoestratigráfico

El análisis estratigráfico y estructural de los conglomerados finieocenos y oligocenos de La Pobla de Segur (Formación de Collegats) localizados en los Pirineos centrales, ha permitido correlacionar diferentes episodios de sedimentación y de estructuración tectónica. Los materiales que constituyen el relleno de la cuenca intramontañosa de La Pobla de Segur (facies de abanico aluvial y deltaico, con intercalaciones lacustres subordinadas) reposan discordantemente sobre un substrato Mesozoico previamente deformado y estan organizados en una serie de cuñas clásticas que alcanzan un espesor acumulativo mínimo de 3500 m. El reconocimiento de superficies de discontinuidad, cartografiables a lo largo de toda la cuenca, ha permitido la definición de 5 alogrupos (Pessonada, Ermita, Pallaresa, Senterada y Antist) que a su vez pueden subdividirse en aloformaciones o secuencias. Las relaciones estructurales entre el suhstrato y los depósitos aluviales han permitido establecer la cronologia de la deformación compresiva tardía que afectó a este sector de la cadena sur-pirenaica y precisar el orígen claramente tectónico de las discontinuidades que constituyen los límites de los alogrupos.

Magnetostratigraphy of the Miocene continental deposits of the Montes de Castejón (central Ebro basin, Spain): geochronological and paleoenvironmental implications

A detailed magnetostratigraphic study has been carried out in the early to middle Miocene distal alluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Montes de Castejón (central Ebro Basin). The study was based on the analysis of 196 magnetostratigraphic sites sampled along a stratigraphic interval of about 240 meters. Local magnetostratigraphy yielded a sequence of 12 magnetozones (6 normal and 6 reverse) which could be correlated with the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) interval C5Cr to C5AD (between 17 and 14.3 Ma.). The sampled sedimentary sequences include the boundary between two tectosedimentary units (TSU, T5 and T6) already defined in the Ebro Basin. The magnetostratigraphy of the Montes de Castejón allows to date the T5/T6 TSU boundary at 16.14 Ma, within chron C5Cn.1n. This magnetostratigraphy also allows us to analyse in detail as well as to discuss the variations in sedimentation rates through space and time between different lacustrine environments: Outer carbonate lacustrine fringes and distal alluvial plains (Montes de Castejón sections) show higher sedimentation rates than offshore lacustrine areas (San Caprasio section, 50 km east of Montes de Castejón).

Development and application of a one-step low cost procedure to concentrate viruses from seawater samples

A novel and simple procedure for concentrating adenoviruses from seawater samples is described. The technique entails the adsorption of viruses to pre-flocculated skimmed milk proteins, allowing the flocs to sediment by gravity, and dissolving the separated sediment in phosphate buffer. Concentrated virus may be detected by PCR techniques following nucleic acid extraction. The method requires no specialized equipment other than that usually available in routine public health laboratories, and due to its straightforwardness it allows the processing of a larger number of water samples simultaneously. The usefulness of the method was demonstrated in concentration of virus in multiple seawater samples during a survey of adenoviruses in coastal waters.