Sedimen-water nutrient fluxes: Preliminary results of in situ measurements in Alfaques Bay, Ebro River Delta.

Sediment-water exchanges of oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, total dissolved nitrogen, phosphate and total dissolved phosphorus were measured by means of an in situ incubator of 7 1 volume and 700 cm2 base area. The incubations lasted for three hours and were done over a whole season on different kinds of sediments in Alfaques Bay. We present some preliminary results on: i) methodological aspects, ii) spatial and temporal variability of fluxes, and iii) estimates of contribution of benthic nutrient regeneration relative to total nutrient loading of the Bay. Oxygen uptake averaged 1700 mmo1 m-2 h-1 (range 200-3500); no differences were found between sandy and muddy sediments. The release of ammonia from the sediment averaged 70 mmo1 m-2 h-1 and was higher in muddy sediments than in sandy ones. Very low to null nitrate and nitrite fluxes and only small fluxes of organic nitrogen were detected. We conclude that ammonium release from sediment is the major path of nitrogen regeneration. Some sediments removed dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) from the water and released dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Additional manipulative experiments revealed DRP release under particular conditions (turbulence, anoxia). From these data, we estimate that at least 50% of the nitrogen requirements of phytoplankton in the area may be supplied by benthic remineralization.

Fish passage assessment at the most downstream barrier of the Ebro River (NE Iberian Peninsula)

Fish passage at artificial barriers is necessary for the conservation of healthy fish stocks. The first barrier that migratory fish encounter when ascending the Ebro River is the Xerta Weir, where a pool-type fishway was constructed in 2008. From 2007 to 2010, boat electrofishing surveys were conducted in the Ebro River downstream of the Xerta Weir to assess the potential pool of species that could use the fishway. Nine native and 12 exotic species were captured, the latter comprising 62 % of the relative abundance and 70 % of the biomass. A combination of video recording, electrofishing and trapping was used to assess the effectiveness of the fishway in facilitating the passage of fish. Eight species were detected using the fishway, of which five were native (Liza ramada, Anguilla anguilla, Barbus graellsii, Gobio lozanoi and Salaria fluviatilis) and three exotic (Alburnus alburnus, Cyprinus carpio and Rutilus rutilus). Only L. ramada used the fishway in substantial numbers. The rate of fish passage was the highest from June to August and decreased afterwards. The effectiveness of the fishway might be lowered by areas of turbulence within the fishway and by distraction flows from a nearby hydropower station

Modelling nitrogen and phosphorus loads in a Mediterranean river catchment (La Tordera, NE Spain)

Human activities have resulted in increased nutrient levels in many rivers all over Europe. Sustainable management of river basins demands an assessment of the causes and consequences of human alteration of nutrient flows, together with an evaluation of management options. In the context of an integrated and interdisciplinary environmental assessment (IEA) of nutrient flows, we present and discuss the application of the nutrient emission model MONERIS (MOdelling Nutrient Emissions into River Systems) to the Catalan river basin, La Tordera (north-east Spain), for the period 1996–2002. After a successful calibration and verification process (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencies E=0.85 for phosphorus and E=0.86 for nitrogen), the application of the model MONERIS proved to be useful in estimating nutrient loads. Crucial for model calibration, in-stream retention was estimated to be about 50 % of nutrient emissions on an annual basis. Through this process, we identified the importance of point sources for phosphorus emissions (about 94% for 1996–2002), and diffuse sources, especially inputs via groundwater, for nitrogen emissions (about 31% for 1996–2002). Despite hurdles related to model structure, observed loads, and input data encountered during the modelling process, MONERIS provided a good representation of the major interannual and spatial patterns in nutrient emissions. An analysis of the model uncertainty and sensitivity to input data indicates that the model MONERIS, even in data-starved Mediterranean catchments, may be profitably used by water managers for evaluating quantitative nutrient emission scenarios for the purpose of managing river basins. As an example of scenario modelling, an analysis of the changes in nutrient emissions through two different future scenarios allowed the identification of a set of relevant measures to reduce nutrient loads.

Geometría del margen S.E. de la Cuenca del Ebro: discordancias progresivas en el Grupo Scala Dei, Serra de la Llena (Tarragona)

El Grupo Scala Dei, localizado en el margen meridional oriental de la cuenca del Ebro, representa la respuesta sedimentaria a los cabalgamientos desarrollados en las Cadenas Costeras Catalanas. En la Serra de la Llena los 1600 m de materiales aluviales se organizan en cuatro megasecuencias principales (M,-M,) separadas por discordancias angulares. Los nuevos datos paleomastológicos indican un influjo de materiales terrígenos gruesos durante un período que abarca desde un Luteciense superior-Bartoniense en la base, hasta un Catiense medio-superior. La sedimentación en la Serra del Montsant continua hasta la parte media del Catiense superior. La tasa media de acumulación (expresada en términos de centímetros cada mil años- kilo años- K. a,), en la Serra de la Llena, es de 13 crn1K.a. para la megasecuencia inferior (M,), de 7,5 cm/ K.a. para M,-M, y de 6 cm /K.a. para la última y mas fina (M,). La disposición general de los depósitos de la Serra de la Llena con una doble flexión monoclinal buzante al NW indica un control tectónico de la deposición mediante dos estructuras diferentes en profundidad. Las discordancias progresivas desarrolladas en los anteflancos de los anticlinales indican una moción continuada, así como un equilibrio entre la tasa de levantamiento vertical y la tasa de acumulación de sedimentos. Las discordancias progresivas se han desarrollado principalmente en función de la componente tectónica vertical y por la rotación continuada del flanco de antepaís de los anticlinales.

Magnetostratigraphy of the Miocene continental deposits of the Montes de Castejón (central Ebro basin, Spain): geochronological and paleoenvironmental implications

A detailed magnetostratigraphic study has been carried out in the early to middle Miocene distal alluvial and lacustrine sediments of the Montes de Castejón (central Ebro Basin). The study was based on the analysis of 196 magnetostratigraphic sites sampled along a stratigraphic interval of about 240 meters. Local magnetostratigraphy yielded a sequence of 12 magnetozones (6 normal and 6 reverse) which could be correlated with the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) interval C5Cr to C5AD (between 17 and 14.3 Ma.). The sampled sedimentary sequences include the boundary between two tectosedimentary units (TSU, T5 and T6) already defined in the Ebro Basin. The magnetostratigraphy of the Montes de Castejón allows to date the T5/T6 TSU boundary at 16.14 Ma, within chron C5Cn.1n. This magnetostratigraphy also allows us to analyse in detail as well as to discuss the variations in sedimentation rates through space and time between different lacustrine environments: Outer carbonate lacustrine fringes and distal alluvial plains (Montes de Castejón sections) show higher sedimentation rates than offshore lacustrine areas (San Caprasio section, 50 km east of Montes de Castejón).

Características sedimentológicas de la terminación del ciclo marino del Eoceno superior en el sector oriental de la Depresión del Ebro (Catalunya, N.E. de Espaiia)

Durante el 'Biarritziense' superior y el Priaboniense, la sedimentación en el Eoceno autóctono de Catalunya, adquiere caracteres deltaicos acumulándose los sedimentos en forma de lóbulos deltaicos que translapan sucesivamente y progradan hacia el interior de la cuenca. Cuando los canales distributarios que originan a estos lóbulos son abandonados, se produce un retrabajamiento de sus materiales por la acción marina (oleaje y posiblemente mareas). Es en este episodio cuando, sobre la morfologia dcltaica heredada, se desarrollaron con mucha frecuencia arrecifes de corales y algas rojas que murieron al depositarse sobre ellos los materiales silicoclasticos procedentes de la progradación de un nuevo lóbulo deltacio. Una excepción la constituye el arrecife de Sant Bartomeu del Grau, resultante de la superposición de dos periodos de crecimiento arrecifal, cuya muerte guarda relación, en cada caso, con las primeras etapas de sedimentación evaporitica de la Cuenca evaporitica central catalana. El mecanismo de cierre para este extremo de la cuenca evaporitica se interpreta originado por el estrangulamiento de la misma por la acción de los lóbulos deltaicos procedentes de los bordes Sur y Norte de la cuenca. El estudio cronoestratigráfico efectuado corrobora al modelo paleogeográfico que se expone, el cual, presupone una conexión «mediterránea» por el Emporda durante el Priaboniense.

Los Ciprínidos (Pisces) del sistema lacustre Oligocénico-Miocénico de los Monegros (sector SE de la cuenca del Ebro, provincias de Lleida, Tarragona, Huesca y Zaragoza)

El material de dientes faringeos de Ciprinidos procedentes de las sucesiones lacustres del Oligoceno superior y Aquitaniense inferior del sector SE de la cuenca del Ebro es atribuido a Rutilus antiquus n.p. Esta nueva especie es morfologicamente proxima a R. pachecoi (ROYO) y ccLeuciscusa antunesi GAUDANT, reconocidas en el Mioceno de la Pennsula Ibrica, asi como a la especie actual R. alburnoides (STEINDACHNER). R. antiquus n.p. habito durante el Oligoceno superior y probablemente durante el Aquitaniense 1os lagos someros endorreicos de salinidad variable (Sistema lacustre de Los Monegros) del sector SE de la cuenca del Ebro.

Sintesis litoestratigráfica del Paléogeno del borde oriental de la depresión del Ebro

En esta nota se estudian las unidades litoestratigráficas recictiterriente propuestas para el Paleógeno de la Cordillera Prelitoral Catalana y las correlaciones litológicas a lo largo de la rnistna con referencias de los nombres locales clásicamente eriiplrados.

Análisis litosísmico y estructura sedimentaria de la plataforma interna al Norte del delta del Ebro (sector de Vandellós)

El análisis sísmico de perfiles de alta resolución del tipo ((uniboom)), realizados en la plataforma interna al N del Delta del Ebro, permite definir las unidades sísmicas y establecer la estructura sedimentaria del Ambos aspectos reflejan la influencia diferencial de los procesos recubrimiento cuaternario medio/superior. Ambos aspectos reflejan la influencia diferencial de los procesos dinámicos y de las oscilaciones eustáticas.

Sobre la edad oligocénica inferior del yacimiento de Santpedor (Cuenca del Ebro, provincia de Barcelona)

Un muestreo intensivo del clasico yacimiento de mamíferos fósles de Santpedor ha dado como resultado la presencia de Theridomys aff. aquatilis, Gliravus aff. priscus, Eucricetodon atavus y Pseudoltinomys gaillardi. Esta asociacin permite atribuir 1os niveles del yacimiento al Oligoceno inferior mas bajo (nivel de Hoogbutsel)

Los sistemas lacustres del Eoceno superior y Oligoceno del sector oriental de la Cuenca del Ebro

El relleno sedimentari de edad Priaboniense superior-Chattiense dcl sector oriental de la cuencade antepaís del Ebro puede subdividirse en cinco secuencias deposicionales, definidas en base a 1os principales cambios paleogeográficos que afectaron alos sistemas aluviales y lacustres en la región. Tanto el desarrollo de estructuras tectónicas superficiales como 1os procesos de ajuste isostático regional son considerados como 1os principales factores de control de esta evolución sedimentaria. Los cinco sistemas lacustres reconocidos (La Noguera, L'Anoia, Segarra, L'Urgell y Los Monegros) muestran unas caracteristicas de extensión areal y desarrollo de facies fuertemente controladas por su situación respecto a las zonas de máxima subsidencia. Las tendencias megasecuenciales de cambio o de alternancia de deposición evaporítica y carbonatada, son atribuidas aquí tanto a posibles cambios climáticos como a cambios en la composición del área fuente. Estos fueron inducidos por la evolución tectónica de los margenes de la cuenca.

Stellario pallidae-Chenopodietum exsuccii Molero et Blanche, nueva asociacion de la comarca de los Monegros (Valle del Ebro).

Los montes de la Retuerta de Pina, situados en el corazón de los Monegros, entre Pina y Bujaraloz, constituyen una suave elevación que se alza ligeramente (417 m s.m. en Purburell) sobre la plataforma de Bujaraloz (300 m de altitud media). Información sobre los suelos, clima general y vegetación de este enclave puede encontrarse en los trabajos especializados de BRAUN BLANQUET & O. BOLOS (Anales Est. Exp. Aula Dei 5. 1957) y TERRADAS (Orsis 2: 71-95.1986). En las estribaciones septentrionales más abruptas de estos montes, se abren una serie de valles de dirección SE-NW, algunos con desniveles relativamente pronunciados (30-50 m) entre las crestas y los fondos. La maquia arbolada del Rhamno-Quercetum cocciferae subas, thuriferetosum está, en las vertientes de umbría, magníficamente representada. Su relativa frondosidad, así como el tamaño y buena conservación de los árboles /. thuriferay P. halepensis, atestiguan la escasa manipulación humana.

Depositional models of lacustrine evaporites in the SE margin of the Ebro basin (Paleogene, NE Spain)

An important evaporitic sedimentation occurred during the Paleogene (Eocene to lower Oligocene) in the Barberà sector of the southeastern margin of the Tertiary Ebro Basin. This sedimentation took place in shallow lacustrine environments and was controlled by a number of factors: 1) the tectonic structuration of the margin; 2) the high calcium sulphate content in the meteoric waters coming from the marginal reliefs; 3) the semiarid climate; and 4) the development of large alluvial fans along the basin margin, which also conditioned the location of the saline lakes. The evaporites are currently composed of secondary gypsum in surface and anhydrite at depth. There are, however, vestiges of the local presence of sodium sulphates. The evaporite units, with individual thicknesses ranging between 50 and 100 m, are intercalated within various lithostratigraphic formations and exhibit a paleogeographical pattern. The units located closer to the basin margin are characterized by a massive gypsum lithofacies (originally, bioturbated gypsum) bearing chert, and also by meganodular gypsum locally (originally, meganodules of anhydrite) in association with red lutites and clastic intercalations (gypsarenites, sandstones and conglomerates). Chert, which is only linked to the thickest gypsum layers, seems to be an early diagenetic, lacustrine product. Cyclicity in these proximal units indicates the progressive development of lowsalinity, lacustrine bodies on red mud flats. At the top of some cycles, exposure episodes commonly resulted in dissolution, erosion, and the formation of edaphic features. In contrast, the units located in a more distal position with regard to the basin margin are formed by an alternation of banded-nodular gypsum and laminated gypsum layers in association with grey lutites and few clastic intercalations. These distal units formed in saline lakes with a higher ionic concentration. Exposure episodes in these lakes resulted in the formation of synsedimentary anhydrite and sabkha cycles. In some of these units, however, outer rims characterized by a lithofacies association similar to that of the proximal units occur (nodular gypsum, massive gypsum and chert nodules).

Influence on present-day coastal dynamics and evolution of a relict subaqueous delta lobe: Sol de Riu lobe, Ebro Delta. Continental Shelf Research, 74: 94-104. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2013.11.021

We used high-resolution swath-bathymetry data to characterise the morphology of the abandoned subaqueous Sol de Riu delta lobe in the Ebro Delta, Western Mediterranean Sea. This study aims to assess the influence of an abandoned delta lobe on present-day coastal dynamics in a micro-tidal environment. Detailed mapping of the relict Sol de Riu lobe also showed a set of bedforms interpreted as footprints of human activities: seasonal V-shaped depressions on the middle shoreface due to boat anchoring and old trawling marks between 16 and 18 m water depth. Estimations of the mobility of bottom sediment showed that the shallowest shoreface (i.e. less than 7 m depth) is the most dynamic part of the relict lobe, while the middle shoreface experienced significant morphological changes since the lobe was abandoned. The deepest shoreface (i.e. water depth in excess of 15 m), which corresponds to the front of the lobe, is defined by a very small potential for morphological change. Simulations showed that while the relict lobe does not significantly affect the typical short period waves (Tp ≈4 s) in the study area, it does interfere with the most energetic wave conditions (Tp ≥ 7 s) acting as a shoal leading to the concentration of wave energy along the shoreline northwest of the lobe. The consequence of such modification of the high-energy wave propagation pattern by the relict lobe is an alteration of the wave-induced littoral sediment dynamics with respect to a situation without the lobe.

Los inicios de la conquista romana de Iberia: los campamentos de campaña del curso inferior del río Ebro

La investigación arqueológica de los campamentos de campaña romano-republicanos localizados en el curso inferior del río Ebro permite una nueva perspectiva de estudio sobre los inicios de la conquista romana en la península ibérica.