L'atenci�� a la v��ctima despr��s de les ��ltimes reformes processals

En els darrers temps, tan a nivell doctrinal com legislatiu, han augmentat progressivament els esfor��os encaminats a dotar de la deguda protecci�� processal la v��ctima d'un delicte. Sens dubte, la situaci�� ha millorat not��riament d'uns anys en����. No obstant, la proliferaci�� de textos legals relatius a la mat��ria potser acabi provocant l'efecte contrari al que inicialment es tenia en ment. En altres paraules, el desconcert que pot causar a una v��ctima que les seves possibilitats d'intervenci�� siguin variables d'un proc��s a un altre no afavoreix gens ni mica el dret que t�� a una tutela judicial efectiva. En aquest treball es posa de relleu la situaci�� prenent com a punt de refer��ncia dues de les reformes processals m��s recents que han incidit en mat��ria d'atenci�� a la v��ctima: les Lleis 8/2002 i 38/2002 sobre judicis r��pids i de modificaci�� del procediment abreujat i la Llei 5/2000, reguladora dels processos de menors. Aparentment, els judicis de menors tenen poc a veure amb els d'adults, per��, precisament per aquesta dist��ncia entre ells, resulta significatiu l'acostament que es podria produir en l'��mbit de la protecci�� de la v��ctima. Un dels objectius d'aquest treball ��s justament demostrar els aspectes en els quals es podrien unificar les normes referents a la mat��ria. Un cop aconseguit en aquests processos, no sembla que hi hagi cap obstacle que impedeixi postular la unificaci�� pretesa en aquesta investigaci�� de forma general. Una q��esti�� diferent ��s que en alguns punts no sigui possible dur a terme la unitat esmentada de forma immediata i resulti necess��ria una reforma legal. Ara b��, tan sols atenent a la legislaci�� vigent, existeix l'opci�� de fer un gran pas en la direcci�� apuntada. Nom��s cal canviar la manera com s'est�� practicant l'acte d'oferiment d'accions en l'actualitat. Aix�� vol dir que no es limiti a la simple comunicaci�� d'un escrit de dif��cil comprensi�� per alg�� no expert en dret, que la v��ctima firma sense entendre���n la transcend��ncia. La import��ncia d'aquest acte en relaci�� a la tutela efectiva del perjudicat per un delicte, permet desenvolupar el contingut previst a la legislaci�� processal per adequar-lo a les necessitats del seu destinatari. ��s aqu�� on s'obre un ampli ventall de possibilitats, que poden arribar a l'extrem de convertir l'acte de l'oferiment d'accions gaireb�� en una informaci�� completa de totes les oportunitats d'actuaci�� que tindr�� una v��ctima en un proc��s i el que implica cadascuna d'elles. L'Administraci�� Auton��mica hi pot jugar un paper important. Tenint en compte que les recents reformes processals han previst fer recaure en l'actuaci�� de la Policia Judicial bona part de la pretesa major atenci�� a la v��ctima, ja que s'imposa de forma preceptiva que sigui aquesta autoritat la que ofereixi sempre en primer terme les accions a la v��ctima, seria molt oport�� que la Policia Auton��mica fes ��s d'un formulari d'oferiment d'accions adaptat a les necessitats de la v��ctima d'acord amb el que s'apunta en aquesta obra. De fet, a fi efecte que sigui d'utilitat, l'objectiu ��ltim d'aquest treball ��s establir les bases que serveixin per a l'elaboraci�� del model de formulari postulat.

Eliciting and fostering learners' metacognitive knowledge about language learning in self-directed learning programs: a review of data collection methods and procedures

S��n molts els estudis que avui en dia incideixen en la necessitat d���oferir un suport metodol��gic i psicol��gic als aprenents que treballen de manera aut��noma. L���objectiu d���aquest suport ��s ajudar-los a desenvolupar les destreses que necessiten per dirigir el seu aprenentatge aix�� com una actitud positiva i una major conscienciaci�� envers aquest aprenentatge. En definitiva, aquests dos tipus de preparaci�� es consideren essencials per ajudar els aprenents a esdevenir m��s aut��noms i m��s eficients en el seu propi aprenentatge. Malgrat aix��, si b�� ��s freq��ent trobar estudis que exemplifiquen aplicacions del suport metodol��gic dins els seus programes, principalment en la formaci�� d���estrat��gies o ajudant els aprenents a desenvolupar un pla de treball, aquest no ��s el cas quan es tracta de la seva preparaci�� psicol��gica. Amb rares excepcions, trobem estudis que documentin com s���incideix en les actituds i en les creences dels aprenents, tamb�� coneguts com a coneixement metacognitiu (CM), en programes que fomenten l���autonomia en l���aprenentatge. Els objectius d���aquest treball son dos: a) oferir una revisi�� d���estudis que han utilitzat diferents mitjans per incidir en el CM dels aprenents i b) descriure les febleses i avantatges dels procediments i instruments que utilitzen, tal com han estat valorats en estudis de recerca, ja que ens permetr�� establir criteris objectius sobre com i quan utilitzar-los en programes que fomentin l���aprenentatge autodirigit.

The role of central bank operating procedures in an economy with productive government spending

The choice of either the rate of monetary growth or the nominal interest rate as the instrument controlled by monetary authorities has both positive and normative implications for economic performance. We reexamine some of the issues related to the choice of the monetary policy instrument in a dynamic general equilibrium model exhibiting endogenous growth in which a fraction of productive government spending is financed by means of issuing currency. When we evaluate the performance of the two monetary instruments attending to the fluctuations of endogenous variables, we find that the inflation rate is less volatile under nominal interest rate targeting. Concerning the fluctuations of consumption and of the growth rate, both monetary policy instruments lead to statistically equivalent volatilities. Finally, we show that none of these two targeting procedures displays unambiguously higher welfare levels.

Fair procedures. Evidence from games involving lotteries

Procedural fairness plays a prominent role in the social discourse concerning the marketplace in particular, and social institutions in general. Random procedures are a simple case, and they have found application in several important social allocation decisions. We investigate random procedures in the laboratory. We find that an unbiased random procedure is an acceptable substitute for an unbiased allocation: similar patterns of acceptance and rejection result when either is inserted as a feasible proposal in a sequential battle-of-the-sexes. We also find that unbiasedness, known to be a crucial characteristic of allocation fairness, is important to procedural fairness: in the context of a random offer game, a biased outcome is more readily accepted when chosen by an unbiased random draw than by one that is biased. Procedural fairness is conceptually different than allocation fairness or attribution-based behavior, and none of the current models of fairness and reciprocity captures our results. Post hoc extension of one of these models (ERC) suggests that a deeper understanding of procedural fairness requires further investigation of competing fairness norms.

Welfare comparisons: sequential procedures for heterogenous populations

Some analysts use sequential dominance criteria, and others use equivalence scales in combination with non-sequential dominance tests, to make welfare comparisons of oint distributions of income and needs. In this paper we present a new sequential procedure hich copes with situations in which sequential dominance fails. We also demonstrate that there commendations deriving from the sequential approach are valid for distributions of equivalent income whatever equivalence scale the analyst might adopt. Thus the paper marries together the sequential and equivalizing approaches, seen as alternatives in much previous literature. All results are specified in forms which allow for demographic differences in the populations being compared.

Assessment of current anglo-saxon proposals about criminal justice and the justification of legal punishment: Moore, Duff and Finnis on retribution, and the challenging compatibility with the up-and-coming Restorative Justice

Pendent

Objetivos y carencias de la pol��tica criminal contra la peque��a delincuencia

Trabajo realizado en el marco del Proyecto de investigaci��n, estudio y an��lisis sobre la seguridad en Catalu��a (ISPC 2009), gracias a la ayuda concedida por el Departament d���Interior en virtud de Resoluci��n del director del Instituto de Seguridad P��blica de Catalu��a de 22 de diciembre de 2009 (DOGC n��m. 5693 - 16/08/2010)

Gross Hemoglobinuria and Oliguria are Common Transient Complications of Sclerotherapy for Venous Malformations: Review of 475 Procedures.

Estudi retrospectiu per analitzar la incid��ncia, factors de risc i tractament de la hemoglobinuria macrosc��pica i oliguria despr��s del tractament de malformacions venoses amb escleroter��pia. Un total de 475 procediments es van realitzar en 131 malalts usant etanol, sulfat tetradecil s��dic o ambdos. Hemoglobinuria temporal es va donar despr��s del 34% de procediments i el 57% d���aquests es van asociar amb oliguria temporal. Aquest risc augmenta amb el increment de dosis. La resoluci�� de la hemoglobinuria i oliguria va ser satisfact��ria en tots els malalts. El risc d���hemoglobinuria augmenta a les malformacions que afecten les extremitats inferiors i a les de localitzacions m��tiples.

El comportamiento penalmente relevante en el delito de defraudaci��n tributaria: una propuesta pol��tico-criminal

El sistema tributario es fundamental en el Estado social y democr��tico de Derecho, pues el ejercicio y efectivo disfrute de muchos derechos fundamentales depende del correcto funcionamiento de la actividad tributaria. Adem��s de esto, la situaci��n econ��mica actual demanda una adecuada pol��tica en contra del fraude tributario, lo que necesariamente implica analizar si el modelo penal vigente es el m��s adecuado para enfrentar el fraude fiscal. Teniendo en cuenta que muchas de las caracter��sticas de la criminalidad tributaria no son exclusivas de un pa��s, pues ��sta trasciende habitualmente las fronteras de los pa��ses por medio del recurso a empresas multinacionales o la localizaci��n de empresas en ���para��sos fiscales���, el an��lisis del fraude tributario no debe limitarse al examen jur��dico del modelo legislativo espa��ol, debiendo trascender a un estudio de pol��tica criminal que vincula consideraciones criminol��gicas y jur��dicas. En consecuencia, en esta investigaci��n se propone un an��lisis que no se reduce a los debates exclusivamente jur��dicos. Se busca, adem��s, efectuar un examen que tenga por fundamento una perspectiva criminol��gica y de Law in action a fin de evaluar cr��ticamente la respuesta a la criminalidad tributaria por parte del modelo de regulaci��n penal vigente en Espa��a. Esta orientaci��n permitir�� una m��s amplia comprensi��n del fen��meno de la criminalidad tributaria, as�� como de las categor��as jur��dicas adecuadas pol��tico criminalmente para su prevenci��n. Este estudio interdisciplinario nos conducir��, al final de la investigaci��n, tanto a proponer la interpretaci��n del modelo de legislaci��n penal vigente, como una reforma al mismo que pretenda solucionar algunos de los problemas de prevenci��n que a lo largo de la investigaci��n se se��alan.

Monitoring procedures in environmental geochemistry and compositional data analysis theory

First discussion on compositional data analysis is attributable to Karl Pearson, in 1897. However, notwithstanding the recent developments on algebraic structure of the simplex, more than twenty years after Aitchison���s idea of log-transformations of closed data, scientific literature is again full of statistical treatments of this type of data by using traditional methodologies. This is particularly true in environmental geochemistry where besides the problem of the closure, the spatial structure (dependence) of the data have to be considered. In this work we propose the use of log-contrast values, obtained by asimplicial principal component analysis, as LQGLFDWRUV of given environmental conditions. The investigation of the log-constrast frequency distributions allows pointing out the statistical laws able togenerate the values and to govern their variability. The changes, if compared, for example, with the mean values of the random variables assumed as models, or other reference parameters, allow definingmonitors to be used to assess the extent of possible environmental contamination. Case study on running and ground waters from Chiavenna Valley (Northern Italy) by using Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO4 2- and Cl- concentrations will be illustrated

Choice by sequential procedures

We propose a rule of decision-making, the sequential procedure guided byroutes, and show that three influential boundedly rational choice models can be equivalentlyunderstood as special cases of this rule. In addition, the sequential procedure guidedby routes is instrumental in showing that the three models are intimately related. We showthat choice with a status-quo bias is a refinement of rationalizability by game trees, which, inturn, is also a refinement of sequential rationalizability. Thus, we provide a sharp taxonomyof these choice models, and show that they all can be understood as choice by sequentialprocedures.

Corporate criminal law and organization incentives: A managerial perspective

Corporate criminal liability puts a serious challenge to the economictheory of enforcement. Are corporate crimes different from other crimes?Are these crimes best deterred by punishing individuals, punishing corporations, or both? What is optimal structure of sanctions? Shouldcorporate liability be criminal or civil? This paper has two majorcontributions to the literature. First, it provides a common analyticalframework to most results presented and largely discussed in the field.In second place, by making use of the framework, we provide new insightsinto how corporations should be punished for the offenses committed bytheir employees.

Optimal law enforcement and criminal organization

In this paper, we take an organizational view of organized crime. In particular, we study the organizational consequences of product illegality attending at the following characteristics: (i) contracts are not enforceable in court, (ii) all participants are subject to the risk of being punished, (iii) employees present a major threat to the entrepreneur having the most detailed knowledge concerning participation, (iv) separation between ownership and management is difficult because record-keeping and auditing augments criminal evidence.

Validation procedures in radiological diagnostic models. Neural network and logistic regression

The objective of this paper is to compare the performance of twopredictive radiological models, logistic regression (LR) and neural network (NN), with five different resampling methods. One hundred and sixty-seven patients with proven calvarial lesions as the only known disease were enrolled. Clinical and CT data were used for LR and NN models. Both models were developed with cross validation, leave-one-out and three different bootstrap algorithms. The final results of each model were compared with error rate and the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (Az). The neural network obtained statistically higher Az than LR with cross validation. The remaining resampling validation methods did not reveal statistically significant differences between LR and NN rules. The neural network classifier performs better than the one based on logistic regression. This advantage is well detected by three-fold cross-validation, but remains unnoticed when leave-one-out or bootstrap algorithms are used.

Comparing and validating hypothesis test procedures: Graphical and numerical tools

When the behaviour of a specific hypothesis test statistic is studied by aMonte Carlo experiment, the usual way to describe its quality is by givingthe empirical level of the test. As an alternative to this procedure, we usethe empirical distribution of the obtained \emph{p-}values and exploit itsinformation both graphically and numerically.